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<title>Tardigrade - Wikipedia</title>
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.rt-tooltip{position:absolute;z-index:800; max-width:350px;background:#fff;color:#222;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5em;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:0 15px 45px -10px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);overflow-wrap:break-word}.rt-tooltip.rt-tooltip-insideWindow{z-index:810}.rt-tooltipContent{padding:8px 11px}.rt-tooltip-above .rt-tooltipContent{margin-bottom:-8px;padding-bottom:16px}.rt-tooltip-below .rt-tooltipContent{margin-top:-10px;padding-top:18px}.rt-tooltipTail,.rt-tooltipTail:after{position:absolute;width:12px;height:12px}.rt-tooltipTail{background:linear-gradient(to top right,#c8ccd1 50%,rgba(0,0,0,0) 50%)}.rt-tooltipTail:after{content:"";background:#fff;bottom:1px;left:1px}.rt-tooltip-above .rt-tooltipTail{transform:rotate(-45deg);transform-origin:100% 100%;bottom:0;left:15px}.rt-tooltip-below .rt-tooltipTail{transform:rotate(135deg);transform-origin:0 0;top:0;left:27px}.rt-settingsLink{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22utf-8%22%3F%3E%0D%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2024%2024%22%3E%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23555%22%20d%3D%22M20%2014.5v-2.9l-1.8-.3c-.1-.4-.3-.8-.6-1.4l1.1-1.5-2.1-2.1-1.5%201.1c-.5-.3-1-.5-1.4-.6L13.5%205h-2.9l-.3%201.8c-.5.1-.9.3-1.4.6L7.4%206.3%205.3%208.4l1%201.5c-.3.5-.4.9-.6%201.4l-1.7.2v2.9l1.8.3c.1.5.3.9.6%201.4l-1%201.5%202.1%202.1%201.5-1c.4.2.9.4%201.4.6l.3%201.8h3l.3-1.8c.5-.1.9-.3%201.4-.6l1.5%201.1%202.1-2.1-1.1-1.5c.3-.5.5-1%20.6-1.4l1.5-.3zM12%2016c-1.7%200-3-1.3-3-3s1.3-3%203-3%203%201.3%203%203-1.3%203-3%203z%22%2F%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E);float:right;cursor:pointer;margin:-4px -4px 0 8px;height:24px;width:24px;border-radius:2px;background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:24px 24px}.rt-settingsLink:hover{background-color:#eee}.rt-target{background-color:#def}.rt-enableSelect{font-weight:bold}.rt-settingsFormSeparator{margin:0.85714286em 0}.rt-numberInput.rt-numberInput{width:150px}.rt-tooltipsForCommentsField.rt-tooltipsForCommentsField.rt-tooltipsForCommentsField{margin-top:1.64285714em}.rt-disabledHelp{border-collapse:collapse}.rt-disabledHelp td{padding:0}.rt-disabledNote.rt-disabledNote{vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:0.36em;font-weight:bold}@keyframes rt-fade-in-up{0%{opacity:0;transform:translate(0,20px) }100%{opacity:1;transform:translate(0,0) }}@keyframes rt-fade-in-down{0%{opacity:0;transform:translate(0,-20px) }100%{opacity:1;transform:translate(0,0) }}@keyframes rt-fade-out-down{0%{opacity:1;transform:translate(0,0) }100%{opacity:0;transform:translate(0,20px) }}@keyframes rt-fade-out-up{0%{opacity:1;transform:translate(0,0) }100%{opacity:0;transform:translate(0,-20px) }}.rt-fade-in-up{animation:rt-fade-in-up 0.2s ease forwards }.rt-fade-in-down{animation:rt-fade-in-down 0.2s ease forwards }.rt-fade-out-down{animation:rt-fade-out-down 0.2s ease forwards }.rt-fade-out-up{animation:rt-fade-out-up 0.2s ease forwards }
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.mw-collapsible-toggle{float:right;-moz-user-select:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;background:none;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font:inherit}.mw-collapsible-toggle .mw-collapsible-text{color:#3366cc}.mw-underline-always .mw-collapsible-toggle .mw-collapsible-text{text-decoration:underline}.mw-underline-never .mw-collapsible-toggle .mw-collapsible-text{text-decoration:none}.mw-collapsible-toggle:hover .mw-collapsible-text{text-decoration:underline}.mw-collapsible-toggle:active .mw-collapsible-text{color:#faa700}.mw-collapsible-toggle-default::before{content:'['}.mw-collapsible-toggle-default::after{content:']'}.mw-customtoggle,.mw-collapsible-toggle{cursor:pointer} caption .mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-content-ltr caption .mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-content-rtl caption .mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-content-rtl .mw-content-ltr caption .mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-content-ltr .mw-content-rtl caption .mw-collapsible-toggle{float:none}
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.ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget{border:0;padding:0;color:inherit;line-height:1.5em;width:100%;-moz-tab-size:4;tab-size:4; }.ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget:focus{outline:0;padding:0}.ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget::selection{background:rgba(109,169,247,0.5); }
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.uls-menu{border-radius:2px; font-size:medium}.uls-search,.uls-language-settings-close-block{border-top-right-radius:2px;border-top-left-radius:2px}.uls-language-list{border-bottom-right-radius:2px;border-bottom-left-radius:2px}.uls-menu.callout::before,.uls-menu.callout::after{border-top:10px solid transparent;border-bottom:10px solid transparent;display:inline-block; top:17px;position:absolute;content:''}.uls-menu.callout.selector-right::before{ border-left:10px solid #c8ccd1; right:-11px}.uls-menu.callout.selector-right::after{ border-left:10px solid #ffffff; right:-10px}.uls-menu.callout.selector-left::before{ border-right:10px solid #c8ccd1; left:-11px}.uls-menu.callout.selector-left::after{ border-right:10px solid #ffffff; left:-10px}.uls-ui-languages button{margin:5px 15px 5px 0;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden}.uls-search-wrapper-wrapper{position:relative;padding-left:40px;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px}.uls-icon-back{background:transparent url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/back-grey-ltr.svg?01868) no-repeat scroll center center;background-size:28px;height:32px;width:40px;display:block;position:absolute;left:0;border-right:1px solid #c8ccd1;opacity:0.87}.uls-icon-back:hover{opacity:1;cursor:pointer}.uls-menu .uls-no-results-view .uls-no-found-more{background-color:#ffffff}.uls-menu .uls-no-results-view h3{padding:0 28px;margin:0;color:#54595d;font-size:1em;font-weight:normal} .skin-vector .uls-menu{border-color:#c8ccd1;box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.2);font-size:0.875em;z-index:3}.skin-vector .uls-search{border-bottom-color:#c8ccd1}.skin-vector .uls-search-label{opacity:0.51;transition:opacity 250ms}.skin-vector .uls-search-wrapper:hover .uls-search-label{opacity:0.87}.skin-vector .uls-languagefilter,.skin-vector .uls-lcd-region-title{color:#54595d}.skin-vector .uls-filtersuggestion{color:#72777d}
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.ext-quick-survey-panel,.ext-qs-loader-bar{width:auto;background-color:#eaecf0} .ext-qs-loader-bar{height:100px;margin-left:1.4em;clear:right;float:right;background-color:#eaecf0;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center}.ext-qs-loader-bar .mw-spinner-container{transform:scale(0.5);transform-origin:center;width:25%;height:75%}.ext-quick-survey-panel{overflow-wrap:anywhere}@media all and (min-width:720px){.ext-qs-loader-bar,.ext-quick-survey-panel{margin-left:1.4em;width:300px;clear:right;float:right}}.mw-body > .content .panel.ext-quick-survey-panel{text-align:initial}.mw-body > .content .panel.ext-quick-survey-panel .image{background-position:center 80%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:auto 5em}@media print{.ext-quick-survey-panel{display:none}}
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@media print{#centralNotice{display:none}}.cn-closeButton{display:inline-block;background:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUBAMAAAB/pwA+AAAAElBMVEUAAAAQEBDPz88AAABAQEDv7+9oe1vvAAAABnRSTlMA3rLe3rJS22KzAAAARElEQVQI12PAAUIUQCSTK5BwFgIxFU1AhKECUFAYKAAioXwwBeZChMGCEGGQIFQYJohgIhQgtCEMQ7ECYTHCOciOxA4AADgJTXIb9s8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=) no-repeat;width:20px;height:20px;text-indent:20px;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden}
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.mw-mmv-overlay{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:1000;background-color:#000}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open{overflow-y:auto}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > *:not(.mw-notification-area-overlay){display:none}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > .mw-mmv-overlay,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > .mw-mmv-wrapper{display:block}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons{font-size:1rem;margin-top:5px}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .cdx-button:nth-child(n + 2){border-left:none}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded .cdx-button__icon{ min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25em;height:1.25em;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not (mask-image:none) and (-webkit-mask-image:none){.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded .cdx-button__icon{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px))}}@supports (mask-image:none) or (-webkit-mask-image:none){.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded .cdx-button__icon{ -webkit-mask-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px));mask-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px));-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center; }}@supports not (mask-image:none) and (-webkit-mask-image:none){.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded .cdx-button__icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M3 5a2 2 0 00-2 2v10a2 2 0 002 2h14a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2zm0 11 3.5-4.5 2.5 3 3.5-4.5 4.5 6zM16 2a2 2 0 012 2H2a2 2 0 012-2z\"/></svg>");opacity:0.87}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--type-quiet):disabled .mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button--type-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button--type-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded .cdx-button__icon{filter:invert(1)}}@supports (mask-image:none) or (-webkit-mask-image:none){.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded .cdx-button__icon{background-image:none; -webkit-mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M3 5a2 2 0 00-2 2v10a2 2 0 002 2h14a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2zm0 11 3.5-4.5 2.5 3 3.5-4.5 4.5 6zM16 2a2 2 0 012 2H2a2 2 0 012-2z\"/></svg>"); mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M3 5a2 2 0 00-2 2v10a2 2 0 002 2h14a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2zm0 11 3.5-4.5 2.5 3 3.5-4.5 4.5 6zM16 2a2 2 0 012 2H2a2 2 0 012-2z\"/></svg>");transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:100ms}}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config .cdx-button__icon{ min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25em;height:1.25em;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not (mask-image:none) and (-webkit-mask-image:none){.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config .cdx-button__icon{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px))}}@supports (mask-image:none) or (-webkit-mask-image:none){.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config .cdx-button__icon{ -webkit-mask-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px));mask-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px));-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center; }}@supports not (mask-image:none) and (-webkit-mask-image:none){.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config .cdx-button__icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><g transform=\"translate(10 10)\"><path id=\"cdx-icon-settings-a\" d=\"M1.5-10h-3l-1 6.5h5m0 7h-5l1 6.5h3\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" trans
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#uls-settings-block{background-color:#fcfcfc}#uls-settings-block.uls-settings-block--vector-2022{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;padding:8px 12px}#uls-settings-block.uls-settings-block--vector-2022.row::before,#uls-settings-block.uls-settings-block--vector-2022.row::after{content:none}#uls-settings-block.uls-settings-block--vector-2022.uls-settings-block--with-add-languages{background-color:#f8f9fa;border-top:1px solid #c8ccd1}#uls-settings-block.uls-settings-block--vector-2022 > button.uls-add-languages-button{background:transparent url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/add.svg?3165e) no-repeat left center;margin-right:32px;padding-left:32px}#uls-settings-block.uls-settings-block--vector-2022 > button.uls-language-settings-button{background:transparent url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/cog.svg?d6cee) no-repeat center;margin-left:auto;min-width:unset;border:0}#uls-settings-block:not(.uls-settings-block--vector-2022){background-color:#f8f9fa;border-top:1px solid #c8ccd1;padding-left:10px;line-height:1.2em;border-radius:0 0 2px 2px}#uls-settings-block:not(.uls-settings-block--vector-2022) > button{background:left top transparent no-repeat;background-size:20px auto;color:#54595d;display:inline-block;margin:8px 15px;border:0;padding:0 0 0 26px;font-size:medium;cursor:pointer}#uls-settings-block:not(.uls-settings-block--vector-2022) > button:hover{color:#202122}#uls-settings-block:not(.uls-settings-block--vector-2022) > button.display-settings-block{background-image:url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/display.svg?b78f7)}#uls-settings-block:not(.uls-settings-block--vector-2022) > button.input-settings-block{background-image:url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/input.svg?e7c85)}.uls-tipsy.uls-tipsy{z-index:1000}.uls-empty-state{padding:28px}.uls-empty-state .uls-empty-state__header,.uls-empty-state .uls-empty-state__desc{color:#54595d}.uls-empty-state .uls-language-action-items{list-style:none;margin:1em 0}.empty-language-selector__language-settings-button{margin:12px}.uls-menu.uls-language-actions-dialog{min-width:248px}.uls-menu.uls-language-actions-dialog .uls-language-actions-title{border-bottom:1px solid #c8ccd1;display:flex;align-items:center;height:32px;padding:5px 0}.uls-menu.uls-language-actions-dialog .uls-language-actions-title .uls-language-actions-close{min-width:unset;width:44px;background:transparent url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/arrow-previous.svg?279af) no-repeat center}.uls-menu.uls-language-actions-dialog .uls-language-action-items .uls-language-action.oo-ui-widget{margin:0;padding:12px 8px;display:block}.uls-menu.uls-language-actions-dialog .uls-language-action-items .uls-language-action.oo-ui-widget .oo-ui-buttonElement-button{padding-left:36px}.mw-interlanguage-selector-disabled #p-lang-btn-sticky-header{display:none}</style><style>
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.ve-active .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer #siteNotice,.ve-active .mw-indicators,.ve-active #t-print,.ve-active #t-permalink,.ve-active #p-coll-print_export,.ve-active #t-cite,.ve-active .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-editableContent,.ve-active .ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget{display:none}.ve-deactivating .ve-ui-surface{display:none}.ve-activating{ }.ve-activating .ve-ui-surface{height:0;padding:0 !important; overflow:hidden} .ve-loading .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer > :not(.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder):not(.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget),.ve-loading .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-originalContent,.ve-activated:not(.ve-loading) .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-uneditableContent{pointer-events:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;opacity:0.5}.ve-activated .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer #firstHeading{ -webkit-user-select:text;-moz-user-select:text;-ms-user-select:text;user-select:text;pointer-events:auto;cursor:text}.ve-activated .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer #firstHeading a{ pointer-events:none}.ve-activated .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-originalContent #catlinks{cursor:pointer}.ve-activated .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-originalContent #catlinks:hover{ background:#e9f2fd}.ve-activated .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-originalContent #catlinks a{opacity:1} .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-loading-overlay{z-index:2;position:absolute;width:100%;top:1em}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder{overflow:hidden;transition:height 250ms ease;height:0;padding-bottom:2px; }.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-bar{transform:translateY(-100%);transition:transform 250ms ease}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-open .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-bar{transform:translateY(0)}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-floating{transition:none}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-floating .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-bar{position:fixed;top:0;z-index:1;background:#fff} .oo-ui-element-hidden{display:none !important; } .mw-editsection{ unicode-bidi:-moz-isolate;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;unicode-bidi:isolate}.mw-editsection::before{content:'\200B'}.mw-editsection a{white-space:nowrap}.mw-editsection-divider{color:#54595d} .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-bar{height:42px;border-bottom:1px solid #c8ccd1;box-shadow:0 1px 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-floating,.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-open{height:42px} .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-bar,.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbar.ve-ui-toolbar > .oo-ui-toolbar-bar{box-shadow:0 2px 1px -1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}.ve-ui-mwSaveDialog-preview .mw-body{ }.ve-ui-mwSaveDialog-preview .mw-body .firstHeading{grid-area:titlebar}.ve-ui-mwSaveDialog-preview .mw-body .mw-body-content{grid-area:content}.ve-ui-mwSaveDialog-preview .mw-content-container{max-width:960px;margin:0 auto}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget .ve-init-mw-target-surface > .ve-ce-surface .ve-ce-attachedRootNode{min-height:15em}
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#p-lang .body ul .uls-trigger,#p-lang .pBody ul .uls-trigger{background-image:none;padding:0}#p-lang .mw-interlanguage-selector,#p-lang .mw-interlanguage-selector:active{background-image:url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/language-base20.svg?b7954);background-position:left 4px center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:16px;margin:4px 0 8px;padding:4px 8px 4px 26px;font-size:13px;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;cursor:pointer}#p-lang .mw-interlanguage-selector.selector-open{background-color:#c8ccd1} .interlanguage-uls-menu::before,.interlanguage-uls-menu::after{border-top:10px solid transparent;border-bottom:10px solid transparent;display:inline-block; top:17px;position:absolute;content:''}.interlanguage-uls-menu.selector-right::before{ border-left:10px solid #c8ccd1; right:-11px}.interlanguage-uls-menu.selector-right::after{ border-left:10px solid #ffffff; right:-10px}.interlanguage-uls-menu.selector-left::before{ border-right:10px solid #c8ccd1; left:-11px}.interlanguage-uls-menu.selector-left::after{ border-right:10px solid #ffffff; left:-10px}.uls-dialog-sticky .uls-menu{position:fixed}.uls-dialog-sticky.uls-dialog-sticky-hide .uls-menu{ display:none !important}</style><style>
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.mw-ui-checkbox{display:table;position:relative;line-height:1.5625em;vertical-align:middle}.mw-ui-checkbox *{font-size:inherit;vertical-align:middle}.mw-ui-checkbox [type='checkbox']{display:table-cell;position:relative;width:1.5625em;height:1.5625em;max-width:none;opacity:0;z-index:1}.mw-ui-checkbox [type='checkbox'] + label{display:table-cell;padding-left:0.4em}.mw-ui-checkbox [type='checkbox'] + label::before{content:'';background-color:#fff;background-origin:border-box;background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:0 0;box-sizing:border-box;position:absolute;top:50%;left:0;width:1.5625em;height:1.5625em;margin-top:-0.78125em;border-width:1px;border-style:solid;border-radius:2px}.mw-ui-checkbox [type='checkbox']:checked + label::before{background-image:url(/w/resources/src/mediawiki.ui.checkbox/images/checkbox-checked.svg?8153e);background-size:90% 90%}.mw-ui-checkbox [type='checkbox']:enabled{cursor:pointer}.mw-ui-checkbox [type='checkbox']:enabled + label{cursor:pointer}.mw-ui-checkbox [type='checkbox']:enabled + label::before{border-color:#72777d;transition-property:background-color,color,border-color,box-shadow;transition-duration:100ms}.mw-ui-checkbox [type='checkbox']:enabled:focus + label::before{border-color:#3366cc;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #3366cc;outline:1px solid transparent}.mw-ui-checkbox [type='checkbox']:enabled:hover + label::before{border-color:#447ff5;cursor:pointer}.mw-ui-checkbox [type='checkbox']:enabled:active + label::before{background-color:#2a4b8d;border-color:#2a4b8d;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #2a4b8d}.mw-ui-checkbox [type='checkbox']:enabled:checked + label::before{background-color:#3366cc;border-color:#3366cc}.mw-ui-checkbox [type='checkbox']:enabled:checked:focus + label::before{background-color:#3366cc;border-color:#3366cc}.mw-ui-checkbox [type='checkbox']:enabled:checked:hover + label::before{background-color:#447ff5;border-color:#447ff5}.mw-ui-checkbox [type='checkbox']:enabled:checked:active + label::before{background-color:#2a4b8d;border-color:#2a4b8d}.mw-ui-checkbox [type='checkbox']:disabled + label::before{background-color:#c8ccd1;border-color:#c8ccd1}
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<li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Tardigrade" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Tardigrade" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [⌃⌥o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li>
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|
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Pages for logged out editors <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a>
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<li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [⌃⌥y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [⌃⌥n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li>
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|
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<nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site" role="navigation">
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<input type="checkbox" id="vector-toc-collapsed-checkbox" class="vector-menu-checkbox">
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<nav id="mw-panel-toc" role="navigation" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark vector-sticky-pinned-container">
|
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<div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container">
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<div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc">
|
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<h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2>
|
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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button>
|
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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button>
|
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|
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<a href="#" class="vector-toc-link">
|
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<div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div>
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</a>
|
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</li>
|
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<li id="toc-Naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming">
|
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<div class="vector-toc-text">
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span>Naming</div>
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</a>
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<li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description">
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<div class="vector-toc-text">
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span>Description</div>
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<li id="toc-Habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat">
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<div class="vector-toc-text">
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span>Habitat</div>
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</a>
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<ul id="toc-Habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
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</li>
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<li id="toc-Anatomy_and_morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy_and_morphology">
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<div class="vector-toc-text">
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span>Anatomy and morphology</div>
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<ul id="toc-Anatomy_and_morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
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<li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction">
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<div class="vector-toc-text">
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span>Reproduction</div>
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</a>
|
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<ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li id="toc-Ecology_and_life_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
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|||
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology_and_life_history">
|
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<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
|||
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span>Ecology and life history</div>
|
|||
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</a>
|
|||
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|
|||
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<ul id="toc-Ecology_and_life_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
|
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</ul>
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|||
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</li>
|
|||
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<li id="toc-Physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
|
|||
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiology">
|
|||
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<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
|||
|
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span>Physiology</div>
|
|||
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</a>
|
|||
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|
|||
|
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<button aria-controls="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle" aria-expanded="true">
|
|||
|
|
<span class="vector-icon vector-icon--x-small mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span>
|
|||
|
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<span>Toggle Physiology subsection</span>
|
|||
|
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</button>
|
|||
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|
|||
|
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<ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
|
|||
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<li id="toc-Survival_after_exposure_to_outer_space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">
|
|||
|
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survival_after_exposure_to_outer_space">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
|||
|
|
<span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span>Survival after exposure to outer space</div>
|
|||
|
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</a>
|
|||
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|
|||
|
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<ul id="toc-Survival_after_exposure_to_outer_space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
|
|||
|
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</ul>
|
|||
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</li>
|
|||
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</ul>
|
|||
|
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</li>
|
|||
|
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<li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
|
|||
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy">
|
|||
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<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
|||
|
|
<span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span>Taxonomy</div>
|
|||
|
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</a>
|
|||
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|
|||
|
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<ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
|
|||
|
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</ul>
|
|||
|
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</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li id="toc-Evolutionary_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
|
|||
|
|
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_history">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
|||
|
|
<span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span>Evolutionary history</div>
|
|||
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</a>
|
|||
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|
|||
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<ul id="toc-Evolutionary_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
|
|||
|
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</ul>
|
|||
|
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</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li id="toc-Genomes_and_genome_sequencing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
|
|||
|
|
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genomes_and_genome_sequencing">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
|||
|
|
<span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span>Genomes and genome sequencing</div>
|
|||
|
|
</a>
|
|||
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|
|||
|
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<ul id="toc-Genomes_and_genome_sequencing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
|
|||
|
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</ul>
|
|||
|
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</li>
|
|||
|
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<li id="toc-Ecological_importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
|
|||
|
|
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_importance">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
|||
|
|
<span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span>Ecological importance</div>
|
|||
|
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</a>
|
|||
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|
|||
|
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<ul id="toc-Ecological_importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
|
|||
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</ul>
|
|||
|
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</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
|
|||
|
|
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
|||
|
|
<span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span>In popular culture</div>
|
|||
|
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</a>
|
|||
|
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|
|||
|
|
<ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
|
|||
|
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</ul>
|
|||
|
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</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
|
|||
|
|
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
|||
|
|
<span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span>See also</div>
|
|||
|
|
</a>
|
|||
|
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|
|||
|
|
<ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
|
|||
|
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</ul>
|
|||
|
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</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
|
|||
|
|
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
|||
|
|
<span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span>References</div>
|
|||
|
|
</a>
|
|||
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|
|
|||
|
|
<ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
|
|||
|
|
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
|||
|
|
<span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span>External links</div>
|
|||
|
|
</a>
|
|||
|
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|
|||
|
|
<ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
|
|||
|
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</ul>
|
|||
|
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</li>
|
|||
|
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</ul>
|
|||
|
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</div>
|
|||
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|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</nav>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="mw-content-container">
|
|||
|
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<main id="content" class="mw-body" role="main">
|
|||
|
|
<header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar">
|
|||
|
|
<label id="vector-toc-collapsed-button" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet vector-button-flush-left cdx-button--icon-only" for="vector-toc-collapsed-checkbox" role="button" aria-controls="vector-toc" tabindex="0" title="Table of Contents">
|
|||
|
|
<span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span>
|
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|
|
<span>Toggle the table of contents</span>
|
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|
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</label>
|
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|
|
<nav role="navigation" aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark">
|
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|
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|
|
<div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left">
|
|||
|
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<input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents">
|
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|
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<label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span>
|
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|
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|
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<span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span>
|
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</label>
|
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|
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<div class="vector-dropdown-content">
|
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<div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container">
|
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</div>
|
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</div>
|
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</nav>
|
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|
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tardigrade</span></h1>
|
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|
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|
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<div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang">
|
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<input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 90 languages">
|
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<label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span>
|
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|
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<span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">90 languages</span>
|
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</label>
|
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<div class="vector-dropdown-content">
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|
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tardigrada" redirects here. For the suborder of mammals, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloth" title="Sloth">sloth</a>.</div>
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Moss Piglets" redirects here. For the <i>South Park</i> episode, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss_Piglets_(South_Park)" title="Moss Piglets (South Park)">Moss Piglets (<i>South Park</i>)</a>.</div>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097763485">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-Merge_from plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/50px-Mergefrom.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/75px-Mergefrom.svg.webp 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Mergefrom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="20"></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrades_on_the_Moon" title="Tardigrades on the Moon">Tardigrades on the Moon</a></i> be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">merged</a> into this article. (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Tardigrade" title="Talk:Tardigrade">Discuss</a>)<small><i> Proposed since June 2023.</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
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<p class="mw-empty-elt">
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</p>
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<table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%">
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<tbody><tr>
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<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Tardigrade<br><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Turonian–Recent</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;">
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<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div>
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<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div>
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<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div>
|
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<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div>
|
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<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div>
|
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<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div>
|
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<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div>
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<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div>
|
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<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div>
|
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<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div>
|
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<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div>
|
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|
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<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div>
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<div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:37.636923076923px; width:182.36307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div>
|
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<div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:188.21846153846px; width:31.781538461538px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div>
|
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<div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:189.21846153846px; width:29.781538461538px; background-color:#6c3;"></div>
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</div>
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</div></span>
|
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Possible <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> Record</div>
|
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</th></tr>
|
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<tr>
|
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_(white_background).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_jou_003.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_jou_005.png 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_jou_002.png 2x" data-file-width="1379" data-file-height="1205"></a></span>
|
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</td></tr>
|
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<tr>
|
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milnesium_tardigradum" title="Milnesium tardigradum">Milnesium tardigradum</a></i>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutardigrade" title="Eutardigrade">eutardigrade</a>
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</td></tr>
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<tr>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Echiniscus_insularis_(10.3897-evolsyst.5.59997)_Figure_6_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Echiniscus_insularis_(10.3897-evolsyst.5.59997)_Figure_6_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Echiniscus_insularis_(10.3897-evolsyst.5.59997)_Figure_6_003.jpg 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Echiniscus_insularis_(10.3897-evolsyst.5.59997)_Figure_6_(wh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1946" data-file-height="1360"></a></span>
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</td></tr>
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<tr>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echiniscus" title="Echiniscus">Echiniscus insularis</a></i>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotardigrade" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterotardigrade">heterotardigrade</a>
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</td></tr>
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<tr>
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<th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Tardigrada" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg_003.webp" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg_002.webp 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></span></span>
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</th></tr>
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<tr>
|
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<td>Domain:
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</td>
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<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a>
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</td></tr>
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<tr>
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<td>Kingdom:
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</td>
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<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a>
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</td></tr>
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<tr>
|
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|
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<td>Subkingdom:
|
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</td>
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<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eumetazoa" title="Eumetazoa">Eumetazoa</a>
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</td></tr>
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<tr>
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<td><i>Clade</i>:
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</td>
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<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ParaHoxozoa" title="ParaHoxozoa">ParaHoxozoa</a>
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</td></tr>
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<tr>
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<td><i>Clade</i>:
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</td>
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<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a>
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</td></tr>
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<tr>
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<td><i>Clade</i>:
|
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</td>
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<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrozoa" title="Nephrozoa">Nephrozoa</a>
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</td></tr>
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<tr>
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<td>(unranked):
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</td>
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<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">Protostomia</a>
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</td></tr>
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<tr>
|
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<td>Superphylum:
|
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</td>
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<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a>
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</td></tr>
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<tr>
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<td>(unranked):
|
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</td>
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<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panarthropoda" title="Panarthropoda">Panarthropoda</a>
|
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</td></tr>
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<tr>
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<td>Phylum:
|
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</td>
|
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<td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tardigrada</a><br><small><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazzaro_Spallanzani" title="Lazzaro Spallanzani">Spallanzani</a>, 1777</small>
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</td></tr>
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<tr>
|
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<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Classes
|
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</th></tr>
|
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<tr>
|
|||
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: left">
|
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<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutardigrada" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutardigrada">Eutardigrada</a></li>
|
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|
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotardigrada" title="Heterotardigrada">Heterotardigrada</a></li>
|
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|
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesotardigrada" title="Mesotardigrada">Mesotardigrada</a> (dubious)</li></ul>
|
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</td></tr>
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</tbody></table>
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<p><b>Tardigrades</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> known colloquially as <b>water bears</b> or <b>moss piglets</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-American_Scientist_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Scientist-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WRD-20140321_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRD-20140321-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> are a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum</a> of eight-legged <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmentation_(biology)" title="Segmentation (biology)">segmented</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-animal">micro-animals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Scientist_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Scientist-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> They were first described by the German zoologist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_August_Ephraim_Goeze" title="Johann August Ephraim Goeze">Johann August Ephraim Goeze</a> in 1773, who called them <b>Kleiner Wasserbär</b> ("little water bear").<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> In 1777, the Italian biologist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazzaro_Spallanzani" title="Lazzaro Spallanzani">Lazzaro Spallanzani</a> named them <b>Tardigrada</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>), which means "slow steppers".<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenstein_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenstein-8">[8]</a></sup>
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</p><p>Popular culture has recently elevated awareness of tardigrades in
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fictional settings and with fictional attributes, likely extending on
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the fact of their (actual) extreme hardiness. However, this evidences a
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perception "assignment problem" with tardigrades: as they branched off
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the evolutionary tree extremely long ago, it is difficult to place them
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in a conventional context, e.g. the "arthropods" spiders, crabs, etc.,
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to which they are likely distantly related, but do not belong.
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</p><p>They have been found in diverse regions of Earth's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a> – mountaintops, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_sea" title="Deep sea">deep sea</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforests</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenstein_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenstein-8">[8]</a></sup> Tardigrades are among the most resilient animals known,<sup id="cite_ref-WP-20170714_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-20170714-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20170714_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20170714-10">[10]</a></sup> with individual species able to survive extreme conditions – such as exposure to extreme temperatures, extreme <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressures" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressures">pressures</a> (both high and low), air deprivation, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starvation</a> – that would quickly kill most other known forms of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> Tardigrades have survived exposure to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> There are about 1,300 known species<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum</a> Tardigrada, a part of the superphylum <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a> consisting of animals that grow by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">ecdysis</a> such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a>. The earliest known true members of the group are known from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>
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(145 to 66 million years ago) amber, found in North America, but are
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essentially modern forms, and therefore likely have a significantly
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earlier origin, as they diverged from their closest relatives in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a>, over 500 million years ago.
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</p><p>Tardigrades are usually about 0.5 mm (0.020 in) long when fully grown.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Scientist_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Scientist-2">[2]</a></sup> They are short and plump, with four pairs of legs, each ending in claws (usually four to eight) or suction disks.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Scientist_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Scientist-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nelson-CurrentStatus_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-CurrentStatus-15">[15]</a></sup> Tardigrades are prevalent in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a> and feed on plant cells, algae, and small invertebrates. When collected, they may be viewed under a low-power <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a>, making them accessible to students and amateur scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
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</p>
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<meta property="mw:PageProp/toc">
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Naming">Naming</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Naming">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johann_August_Ephraim_Goeze1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/220px-Johann_August_Ephraim_Goeze1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/330px-Johann_August_Ephraim_Goeze1.jpg 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/440px-Johann_August_Ephraim_Goeze1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="600"></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_August_Ephraim_Goeze" title="Johann August Ephraim Goeze">Johann August Ephraim Goeze</a></figcaption></figure>
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<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_August_Ephraim_Goeze" title="Johann August Ephraim Goeze">Johann August Ephraim Goeze</a> originally named the tardigrade <i>Kleiner Wasserbär</i>, meaning "little water-bear" in German (today, they are often referred to in German as <i>Bärtierchen</i> or "little bear-animal"). The name "water-bear" comes from the way they walk, reminiscent of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bear</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gait" title="Gait">gait</a>. The name <i>Tardigradum</i> means "slow walker" and was given by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazzaro_Spallanzani" title="Lazzaro Spallanzani">Lazzaro Spallanzani</a> in 1777.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenstein_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenstein-8">[8]</a></sup>
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</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waterbear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Waterbear_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Waterbear.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="266"></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">SEM</a> image of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsibius_dujardini" title="Hypsibius dujardini">Hypsibius dujardini</a></i></figcaption></figure>
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<p>The largest adults may reach a body length of 1.5 mm
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(0.059 in), the smallest below 0.1 mm (0.0039 in). Newly
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hatched tardigrades may be smaller than 0.05 mm (0.0020 in).
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For comparison, grass pollen is typically 0.025–0.04 mm
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(0.00098–0.00157 in).
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</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Habitat">Habitat</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Habitat">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<p>Tardigrades are often found on lichens and mosses, for example by soaking a piece of moss in water.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> Other environments in which they are found include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">dunes</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coasts</a> generally, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_litter" title="Plant litter">leaf litter</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">marine</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> sediments, where they may occur quite frequently, up to 25,000 animals per litre (95,000 animals per gallon). One tardigrade, <i>Echiniscoides wyethi</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-AP-20150929_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20150929-18">[18]</a></sup> may be found on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnacle" title="Barnacle">barnacles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PBSW_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBSW-19">[19]</a></sup>
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</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Anatomy_and_morphology">Anatomy and morphology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Anatomy and morphology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<p>Tardigrades have barrel-shaped bodies with four pairs of stubby legs.
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Most range from 0.3 to 0.5 mm (0.012 to 0.020 in) in length,
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although the largest species may reach 1.2 mm (0.047 in).<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenstein_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenstein-8">[8]</a></sup> The body consists of a head, three body <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segment_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Segment (biology)">segments</a> each with a pair of legs, and a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Anterior_and_posterior" title="Anatomical terms of location">caudal</a> segment with a fourth pair of legs. The legs are without <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint (anatomy)">joints</a>, while the feet have four to eight claws each. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuticle" title="Cuticle">cuticle</a> contains <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> and is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">moulted</a>
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periodically. The first three pairs of legs are directed downward along
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the sides and are the primary means of locomotion, while the fourth
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pair is directed backward on the last segment of the trunk and is used
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primarily for grasping the substrate.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup>
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</p><p>Tardigrades lack several <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hox_gene" title="Hox gene">Hox genes</a>
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and a large intermediate region of the body axis. In insects, this
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corresponds to the entire thorax and the abdomen. Practically the whole
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body, except for the last pair of legs, is made up of just the segments
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that are homologous to the head region in arthropods.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
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</p><p>All adult tardigrades of the same species have the same number of cells (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutely" title="Eutely">eutely</a>). Some species have as many as 40,000 cells in each adult, while others have far fewer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (June 2023)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seki98_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seki98-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup>
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</p><p>The body cavity consists of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemocoel" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemocoel">haemocoel</a>, but the only place where a true <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelom" title="Coelom">coelom</a> can be found is around the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonad</a>.
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No respiratory organs are found, with gas exchange able to occur across
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the entirety of the body. Some tardigrades have three tubular glands
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associated with the rectum; these may be excretory organs similar to the
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malpighian_tubule" class="mw-redirect" title="Malpighian tubule">Malpighian tubules</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>, although the details remain unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-24">[24]</a></sup> Also, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephridium" title="Nephridium">nephridia</a> are absent.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup>
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</p><p>The tubular mouth is armed with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylet_(anatomy)" title="Stylet (anatomy)">stylets</a>, which are used to pierce the plant cells, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>,
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or small invertebrates on which the tardigrades feed, releasing the
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body fluids or cell contents. The mouth opens into a triradiate,
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muscular, sucking <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a>. The stylets are lost when the animal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molting" class="mw-redirect" title="Molting">molts</a>, and a new pair is secreted from a pair of glands that lie on either side of the mouth. The pharynx connects to a short <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a>,
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and then to an intestine that occupies much of the length of the body,
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which is the main site of digestion. The intestine opens, via a short
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rectum, to an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anus</a>
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located at the terminal end of the body. Some species only defecate
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when they molt, leaving the feces behind with the shed cuticle.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-24">[24]</a></sup>
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</p><p>The brain develops in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry_in_biology#Bilateral_symmetry" title="Symmetry in biology">bilaterally symmetric</a> pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26052416_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26052416-26">[26]</a></sup>
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Tardigrades have a dorsal brain atop a paired ventral nervous system.
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The brain includes multiple lobes, mostly consisting of three
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bilaterally paired clusters of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> The brain is attached to a large <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganglion" title="Ganglion">ganglion</a> below the esophagus, from which a double <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_nervous_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral nervous system">ventral nerve cord</a>
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runs the length of the body. The cord possesses one ganglion per
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segment, each of which produces lateral nerve fibres that run into the
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limbs. Many species possess a pair of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ommatidium#rhabdomere" title="Ommatidium">rhabdomeric</a> pigment-cup eyes, and numerous sensory bristles are on the head and body.<sup id="cite_ref-Greven2007_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greven2007-28">[28]</a></sup>
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</p><p>Tardigrades all possess a buccopharyngeal apparatus (swallowing
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device made of muscles and spines that activates an inner jaw and begins
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digestion and movement along the throat and intestine<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup>) which, along with the claws, is used to differentiate species.
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</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Reproduction">Reproduction</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reproduction">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TardigradeEggsInShedCuticle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/TardigradeEggsInShedCuticle_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/TardigradeEggsInShedCuticle_003.jpg 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/TardigradeEggsInShedCuticle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024"></a><figcaption>Shed cuticle of female tardigrade, containing eggs</figcaption></figure>
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<p>Although some species are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">parthenogenic</a>, both males and females are usually present, although females are frequently larger and more common. Both sexes have a single <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonad</a>
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located above the intestine. Two ducts run from the testes in males,
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opening through a single pore in front of the anus. In contrast, females
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have a single duct opening either just above the anus or directly into
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the rectum, which forms a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloaca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-24">[24]</a></sup>
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</p><p>Tardigrades are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviparous" class="mw-redirect" title="Oviparous">oviparous</a>, and fertilization is usually external. Mating occurs during the molt with the eggs being laid inside the shed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuticle" title="Cuticle">cuticle</a>
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of the female and then covered with sperm. A few species have internal
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fertilization, with mating occurring before the female fully sheds her
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cuticle. In most cases, the eggs are left inside the shed cuticle to
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develop, but some species attach them to a nearby substrate.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-24">[24]</a></sup>
|
|||
|
|
</p><p>The eggs hatch after no more than 14 days, with the young already possessing their full complement of adult <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>. Growth to the adult size occurs by enlargement of the individual cells (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertrophy" title="Hypertrophy">hypertrophy</a>), rather than by cell division. Tardigrades may molt up to 12 times.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-24">[24]</a></sup>
|
|||
|
|
</p><p>Tardigrades tend to court before mating. Courtship is an early
|
|||
|
|
step in mating and was first observed in tardigrades in 1895. Research
|
|||
|
|
shows that up to nine males aggregate around a female to mate.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup>
|
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|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Ecology_and_life_history">Ecology and life history</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ecology and life history">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
|
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><span class="mw-tmh-player video"><video id="mwe_player_0_placeholder" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Tardigrade_in_real_time.ogv/220px--Tardigrade_in_real_time.ogv.jpg" preload="none" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="126" data-mwtitle="Tardigrade_in_real_time.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Tardigrade_in_real_time.ogv" disabled="disabled" tabindex="-1" style="aspect-ratio: 220 / 165;"></video><a class="mw-tmh-play" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tardigrade_in_real_time.ogv" title="Play media" role="button"><span class="mw-tmh-play-icon"></span></a><span class="mw-tmh-duration mw-tmh-label" aria-label="2 minutes and 6 seconds">2:06</span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tardigrade_in_real_time.ogv" class="mw-file-magnify"></a><figcaption>Video of tardigrade under the microscope</figcaption></figure>
|
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><span class="mw-tmh-player video"><video id="mwe_player_1_placeholder" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_280%D1%85.webm/220px--%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_280%D1%85.webm.jpg" preload="none" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="178" data-mwtitle="Тихоходки,_темное_поле_280х.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8,_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_280%D1%85.webm" disabled="disabled" tabindex="-1" style="aspect-ratio: 220 / 165;"></video><a class="mw-tmh-play" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8,_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_280%D1%85.webm" title="Play media" role="button"><span class="mw-tmh-play-icon"></span></a><span class="mw-tmh-duration mw-tmh-label" aria-label="2 minutes and 58 seconds">2:58</span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8,_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_280%D1%85.webm" class="mw-file-magnify"></a><figcaption>Living tardigrades moving around</figcaption></figure>
|
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<p>Most tardigrades are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytophagous" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytophagous">phytophagous</a> (plant eaters) or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bacteriophagous" class="extiw" title="wikt:bacteriophagous">bacteriophagous</a> (bacteria eaters), but some are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivorous</a> to the extent that they eat smaller species of tardigrades (e.g., <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milnesium_tardigradum" title="Milnesium tardigradum">Milnesium tardigradum</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup>
|
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</p><p>Tardigrades share morphological characteristics with many species
|
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|
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that differ largely by class. Biologists have a difficult time finding
|
|||
|
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verification among tardigrade species because of this relationship.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These animals are most closely related to the early evolution of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brent_Nichols_2005_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brent_Nichols_2005-33">[33]</a></sup> Tardigrade fossils go as far back as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>
|
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|
|
period in North America. Tardigrades are considered cosmopolitan and
|
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|
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can be located in regions all over the world. The eggs and cysts of
|
|||
|
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tardigrades are so durable that they can be carried great distances on
|
|||
|
|
the feet of other animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson-CurrentStatus_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-CurrentStatus-15">[15]</a></sup>
|
|||
|
|
</p><p>Tardigrades have survived all five recognized <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass extinction">mass extinctions</a>
|
|||
|
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due to their plethora of survival characteristics, including the
|
|||
|
|
ability to survive conditions that would be fatal to almost all other
|
|||
|
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animals (see the next section).
|
|||
|
|
</p><p>The lifespan of tardigrades ranges from three to four months for
|
|||
|
|
some species, up to two years for other species, not counting their time
|
|||
|
|
in dormant states.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup>
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
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|
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Physiology">Physiology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Physiology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
|
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<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hypsibiusdujardini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Hypsibiusdujardini_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Hypsibiusdujardini.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="237"></a><figcaption><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsibius_dujardini" title="Hypsibius dujardini">Hypsibius dujardini</a></i> imaged with a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">scanning electron microscope</a></figcaption></figure>
|
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<p>Scientists have reported tardigrades in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot springs</a>, on top of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> (6,000 m; 20,000 ft, above sea level) to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_sea" title="Deep sea">deep sea</a> (−4,000 m; −13,000 ft) and from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar region">polar regions</a> to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>, under layers of solid <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a>, and in ocean sediments. Many species can be found in milder environments such as lakes, ponds, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadow" title="Meadow">meadows</a>,
|
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|
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while others can be found in stone walls and roofs. Tardigrades are
|
|||
|
|
most common in moist environments but can stay active wherever they can
|
|||
|
|
retain at least some moisture.
|
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|
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</p><p>Tardigrades are thought to be able to survive even complete global mass <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">extinction events</a> caused by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysical events</a>, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-ray_bursts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-ray bursts">gamma-ray bursts</a>, or large <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">meteorite impacts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WP-20170714_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-20170714-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20170714_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20170714-10">[10]</a></sup> Some of them can withstand extremely cold temperatures down to 0.01 K (−460 °F; −273 °C) (close to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_zero" title="Absolute zero">absolute zero</a>), while others can withstand extremely hot temperatures up to 420 K (300 °F; 150 °C)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> for several minutes, pressures about six times greater than those found in the deepest ocean trenches, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a> at doses hundreds of times higher than the lethal dose for a human, and the vacuum of outer space.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20150907_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150907-38">[38]</a></sup> Tardigrades that live in harsh conditions undergo an annual process of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclomorphosis" title="Cyclomorphosis">cyclomorphosis</a>, allowing for survival in subzero temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup>
|
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|
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</p><p>They are not considered <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Extremophilic">extremophilic</a>
|
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|
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because they are not adapted to exploit these conditions, only to
|
|||
|
|
endure them. This means that their chances of dying increase the longer
|
|||
|
|
they are exposed to the extreme environments,<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenstein_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenstein-8">[8]</a></sup> whereas true <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">extremophiles</a> thrive in a physically or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geochemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Geochemical">geochemically</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_environment" title="Extreme environment">extreme environment</a> that would harm most other organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-WRD-20140321_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRD-20140321-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup>
|
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</p><p>Tardigrades are one of the few groups of species that are capable of suspending their metabolism (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptobiosis" title="Cryptobiosis">cryptobiosis</a>). While in this state, their metabolism lowers to less than 0.01% of normal and their water content can drop to 1% of normal,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20150907_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150907-38">[38]</a></sup> and they can go without food or water for more than 30 years, only to later rehydrate, forage, and reproduce.<sup id="cite_ref-WRD-20140321_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRD-20140321-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-43">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guidetti,_R._&_Jönsson,_K.I._2002_181–187_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guidetti,_R._&_Jönsson,_K.I._2002_181–187-44">[44]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> Many species of tardigrade can survive in a dehydrated state up to five years, or longer in exceptional cases.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup> Depending on the environment, they may enter this state via <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhydrobiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anhydrobiosis">anhydrobiosis</a>,
|
|||
|
|
allowing tardigrades, along with some other micro-metazoans (such as
|
|||
|
|
worms, rotifers, and crustaceans), protozoans and plants, that ability
|
|||
|
|
to survive in inhospitable habitats, as opposed to other living things.
|
|||
|
|
In addition to offering protection from desiccation and freezing under
|
|||
|
|
normal circumstances, anhydrobiosis also permits resistance to unnatural
|
|||
|
|
abiotic extremes such as subzero temperatures,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryobiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryobiosis">cryobiosis</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmobiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmobiosis">osmobiosis</a>, or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoxybiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anoxybiosis">anoxybiosis</a>.
|
|||
|
|
</p><p>Their ability to remain desiccated for such long periods of time
|
|||
|
|
was thought to be dependent on high levels of the nonreducing
|
|||
|
|
disaccharide <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trehalose" title="Trehalose">trehalose</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-hibshman_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hibshman-49">[49]</a></sup> which is commonly seen in other organisms that survive desiccation, and tardigrades have <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trehalase" title="Trehalase">trehalase</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kamilari_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamilari-50">[50]</a></sup> However, it has been seen that in both tardigrades and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bdelloidea" title="Bdelloidea">bdelloid rotifers</a>, there is only a partial capability to synthesize trehalose in quantities that may contribute to desiccation tolerance.<sup id="cite_ref-hibshman_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hibshman-49">[49]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup>
|
|||
|
|
</p><p>In response to this finding, more research was done on how these animals survived such extreme conditions. It was found that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsically_disordered_proteins" title="Intrinsically disordered proteins">intrinsically disordered proteins</a>
|
|||
|
|
(IDPs) were highly expressed in response to desiccation in tardigrades.
|
|||
|
|
Additionally, three new IDPs were found to be specific to tardigrades
|
|||
|
|
and coined <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrade_specific_proteins" title="Tardigrade specific proteins">tardigrade specific proteins</a> (TDPs). These TDPs may maintain the structure of membranes by associating with the polar heads of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_bilayer" title="Lipid bilayer">phospholipids bilayers</a>, avoiding structural damage upon rehydration.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup>
|
|||
|
|
Also, TDPs, being highly hydrophilic, are thought to be involved in a
|
|||
|
|
vitrification mechanism, where a glass-like matrix forms within cells to
|
|||
|
|
protect the cellular contents upon desiccation.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> Their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> is further protected from radiation by a protein called "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dsup" title="Dsup">dsup</a>" (short for <i>damage suppressor</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hashimoto_et_al._2015_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hashimoto_et_al._2015-55">[55]</a></sup> In this cryptobiotic state, the tardigrade is known as a tun.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup>
|
|||
|
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</p><p>Tardigrades are able to survive in extreme environments that would kill almost any other animal.<sup id="cite_ref-kamilari_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamilari-50">[50]</a></sup> Extremes at which tardigrades can survive include those of:
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">Temperature</a> – tardigrades can survive:
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li>A few minutes at 151 °C (304 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-survival_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-survival-57">[57]</a></sup></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>30 years at −20 °C (−4 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-CB-201602_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CB-201602-58">[58]</a></sup></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>A few days at −200 °C (−328 °F; 73 K)<sup id="cite_ref-survival_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-survival-57">[57]</a></sup></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>A few minutes at −272 °C (−458 °F; 1 K)<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup></li></ul></li></ul>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Research published in 2020 shows that tardigrades are sensitive to
|
|||
|
|
high temperatures. Researchers showed it takes 48 hours at 37.1 °C
|
|||
|
|
(98.8 °F) to kill half of active tardigrades that have not been
|
|||
|
|
acclimated to heat. Acclimation boosted the temperature needed to kill
|
|||
|
|
half of active tardigrades to 37.6 °C (99.7 °F). Tardigrades
|
|||
|
|
in the tun state fared a bit better, tolerating higher temperatures. It
|
|||
|
|
took heating to 82.7 °C (180.9 °F) to kill half of tun-state
|
|||
|
|
tardigrades within one hour. Longer exposure time decreased the
|
|||
|
|
temperature needed for lethality, though. For 24 hours of exposure,
|
|||
|
|
63.1 °C (145.6 °F) was enough to kill half of the tun-state
|
|||
|
|
tardigrades.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup>
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">Pressure</a> – they can withstand the extremely low pressure of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> and also very high pressures, more than 1,200 times <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a>.
|
|||
|
|
Some species can also withstand pressure of 6,000 atmospheres,
|
|||
|
|
which is nearly six times the pressure of water in the deepest ocean
|
|||
|
|
trench, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Seki98_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seki98-22">[22]</a></sup>
|
|||
|
|
Tardigrades can survive altitudes of over 19,600 feet (6,000 meters)
|
|||
|
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and to depths of over 15,000 feet (4,600 m) below the surface.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li>
|
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_(mechanics)" title="Impact (mechanics)">Impacts</a> – tardigrades can survive impacts up to about 900 meters per second, and momentary shock pressures up to about 1.14 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigapascal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigapascal">gigapascals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Science-20210518_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science-20210518-61">[61]</a></sup></li>
|
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">Dehydration</a> – the longest that living tardigrades have been shown to survive in a dry state is nearly 10 years,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-43">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guidetti,_R._&_Jönsson,_K.I._2002_181–187_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guidetti,_R._&_Jönsson,_K.I._2002_181–187-44">[44]</a></sup> although there is one report of leg movement, not generally considered "survival",<sup id="cite_ref-Jönsson,_K._Ingemar_&_R._Bertolani_2001_121–123_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jönsson,_K._Ingemar_&_R._Bertolani_2001_121–123-62">[62]</a></sup> in a 120-year-old specimen from dried moss.<sup id="cite_ref-Franceschi,_T._1948_47–49_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franceschi,_T._1948_47–49-63">[63]</a></sup>
|
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When exposed to extremely low temperatures, their body composition goes
|
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from 85% water to only 3%. Because water expands upon freezing,
|
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dehydration ensures the tardigrades' tissues are not ruptured by the
|
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|
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expansion of freezing ice.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup></li>
|
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|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a> – tardigrades can withstand 1,000 times more radiation than other animals,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup> median lethal doses of 5,000 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">Gy</a> (of gamma rays) and 6,200 Gy (of heavy ions) in hydrated animals (5 to 10 Gy could be fatal to a human).<sup id="cite_ref-Horikawa_et_al._2006_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horikawa_et_al._2006-66">[66]</a></sup>
|
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The only explanation found in earlier experiments for this ability was
|
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that their lowered water state provides fewer reactants for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Horikawa_et_al._2006_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horikawa_et_al._2006-66">[66]</a></sup> However, subsequent research found that tardigrades, when hydrated, still remain highly resistant to shortwave <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="UV radiation">UV radiation</a>
|
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in comparison to other animals, and that one factor for this is their
|
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efficient ability to repair damage to their DNA resulting from that
|
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exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup></li></ul>
|
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<dl><dd>Irradiation of tardigrade eggs collected directly from a natural
|
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substrate (moss) showed a clear dose-related response, with a steep
|
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|
|
decline in hatchability at doses up to 4 kGy, above which no eggs
|
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|
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hatched.<sup id="cite_ref-Jönsson_2013_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jönsson_2013-68">[68]</a></sup>
|
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|
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The eggs were more tolerant to radiation late in development. No eggs
|
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irradiated at the early developmental stage hatched, and only one egg at
|
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middle stage hatched, while eggs irradiated in the late stage hatched
|
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|
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at a rate indistinguishable from controls.<sup id="cite_ref-Jönsson_2013_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jönsson_2013-68">[68]</a></sup></dd></dl>
|
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<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicant" title="Toxicant">Environmental toxins</a> – tardigrades are reported to undergo chemobiosis, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptobiosis" title="Cryptobiosis">cryptobiotic</a> response to high levels of environmental toxins. However, as of 2001, these laboratory results have yet to be verified.<sup id="cite_ref-Jönsson,_K._Ingemar_&_R._Bertolani_2001_121–123_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jönsson,_K._Ingemar_&_R._Bertolani_2001_121–123-62">[62]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Franceschi,_T._1948_47–49_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franceschi,_T._1948_47–49-63">[63]</a></sup></li></ul>
|
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Survival_after_exposure_to_outer_space">Survival after exposure to outer space</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Survival after exposure to outer space">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
|
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<p>Tardigrades are the first known animal to survive after exposure to outer space.<sup id="cite_ref-NS-20080908_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS-20080908-69">[69]</a></sup> In September 2007, dehydrated tardigrades were taken into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foton-M" class="mw-redirect" title="Foton-M">FOTON-M3</a> mission carrying the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOPAN" title="BIOPAN">BIOPAN</a>
|
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astrobiology payload. For 10 days, groups of tardigrades, some of
|
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them previously dehydrated, some of them not, were exposed to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_vacuum" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard vacuum">hard vacuum</a> of outer space, or vacuum and solar <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV" class="mw-redirect" title="UV">UV</a> radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-low-earth-orbit_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-low-earth-orbit-70">[70]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WRD-20140321_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRD-20140321-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Science-20080908_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science-20080908-71">[71]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MSNBC-20111222_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSNBC-20111222-72">[72]</a></sup>
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Back on Earth, more than 68% of the subjects protected from solar
|
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UV radiation were reanimated within 30 minutes following
|
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rehydration, although subsequent mortality was high; many of these
|
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produced viable embryos.<sup id="cite_ref-low-earth-orbit_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-low-earth-orbit-70">[70]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NS-20080908_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS-20080908-69">[69]</a></sup>
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In contrast, hydrated samples exposed to the combined effect of vacuum
|
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and full solar UV radiation had significantly reduced survival,
|
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with only three subjects of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milnesium_tardigradum" title="Milnesium tardigradum">Milnesium tardigradum</a></i> surviving.<sup id="cite_ref-low-earth-orbit_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-low-earth-orbit-70">[70]</a></sup> Also, it was found that the space vacuum did not have a significant effect on egg-laying in either <i>R. coronifer</i> or <i>M. tardigradum</i>. However, <i>M. tardigradum</i> exposed to UV radiation had a lower egg laying rate.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup> In May 2011, Italian scientists sent tardigrades on board the International Space Station along with extremophiles on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-134" title="STS-134">STS-134</a>, the final flight of <span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour"><i>Endeavour</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup>
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Their conclusion was that microgravity and cosmic radiation "did not
|
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significantly affect survival of tardigrades in flight, and stated that
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tardigrades represent a useful animal for space research."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup> In November 2011, they were among the organisms to be sent by the U.S.-based <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary Society">Planetary Society</a> on the Russian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a> mission's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Interplanetary_Flight_Experiment" title="Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment">Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a>; however, the launch failed. In August 2019, scientists reported that a capsule containing tardigrades in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptobiotic_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptobiotic state">cryptobiotic state</a> may have survived for a while on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> after the April 2019 crash landing of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></i>, a failed Israeli <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_lander" title="Lunar lander">lunar lander</a>, but in May 2021 it was reported that they were unlikely to have survived the impact.<sup id="cite_ref-WRD-20190805_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRD-20190805-79">[79]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VOX-20190806_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VOX-20190806-80">[80]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Science-20210518_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science-20210518-61">[61]</a></sup>
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</p><p>In recent years, there has also been increased speculation
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regarding tardigrades' ability to survive on Mars without any life
|
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support systems,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup> but despite the hardiness of the tardigrade, it would still "need stuff to eat," in order to set up shop.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup>
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</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Taxonomy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bilaterial_animal_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="List of bilaterial animal orders">List of bilaterial animal orders</a></div>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Echiniscus_sp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Echiniscus_sp_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Echiniscus_sp_002.jpg 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Echiniscus_sp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="649"></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Illustration of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echiniscus" title="Echiniscus">Echiniscus</a></i> sp. from 1861</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Echiniscus_testudo_Doyere_1840_Pl_12_Fig_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/180px-Echiniscus_testudo_Doyere_1840_Pl_12_Fig_1.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/270px-Echiniscus_testudo_Doyere_1840_Pl_12_Fig_1.png 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/360px-Echiniscus_testudo_Doyere_1840_Pl_12_Fig_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1924" data-file-height="2066"></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Drawing of <i>Echiniscus testudo</i> on a grain of sand</div></div></div></div></div>
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<p>Scientists have conducted <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a>
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and molecular studies to understand how tardigrades relate to other
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lineages of ecdysozoan animals. Two plausible placements have been
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proposed: tardigrades are either most closely related to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropoda">Arthropoda</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a>, or to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematodes">nematodes</a>. Evidence for the former is a common result of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological studies</a>; evidence of the latter is found in some molecular analyses.
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</p><p>The latter hypothesis has been rejected by recent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA" title="MicroRNA">microRNA</a> and expressed sequence tag analyses.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambell_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambell-83">[83]</a></sup> Apparently, the grouping of tardigrades with nematodes found in a number of molecular studies is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_branch_attraction" title="Long branch attraction">long branch attraction</a> artifact. Within the arthropod group (called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panarthropoda" title="Panarthropoda">panarthropoda</a> and comprising onychophora, tardigrades and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarthropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Euarthropoda">euarthropoda</a>), three patterns of relationship are possible: tardigrades sister to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">onychophora</a> plus arthropods (the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobopodia" title="Lobopodia">lobopodia</a>
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hypothesis); onychophora sister to tardigrades plus arthropods (the
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tactopoda hypothesis); and onychophora sister to tardigrades.<sup id="cite_ref-Telford_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telford-84">[84]</a></sup> Recent analyses indicate that the panarthropoda group is monophyletic, and that tardigrades are a sister group of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antennopoda" title="Antennopoda">Antennopoda</a>, the lineage consisting of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambell_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambell-83">[83]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup>
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</p>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129740115">.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.1em;padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style>
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<td class="clade-label first"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panarthropoda" title="Panarthropoda">Panarthropoda</a>
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</td>
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<p><span class="nowrap"><b>Water bears</b> (<b>Tardigrada</b>)</span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_(white_background).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_jou_006.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_jou_004.png 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.png 2x" data-file-width="1379" data-file-height="1205"></a></span>
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<td class="clade-label"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antennopoda" title="Antennopoda">Antennopoda</a>
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<p>Velvet worms (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Velvet_worm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Velvet_worm_003.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Velvet_worm_002.png 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Velvet_worm.png 2x" data-file-width="2799" data-file-height="1340"></a></span>
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<p>Arthropods (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropoda">Arthropoda</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County_003.jpg 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="1082"></a></span>
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</p>
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</td></tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="clade-slabel last">
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</td></tr></tbody></table>
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</td></tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="clade-slabel last">
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</td></tr></tbody></table>
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</td></tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="clade-slabel last">
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<p>The minute sizes of tardigrades and their membranous integuments make their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossilization</a> both difficult to detect and highly unusual. The only known fossil specimens are those from mid-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> deposits in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsten_fauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Orsten fauna">Orsten fauna</a>) and a few rare specimens from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EotI_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EotI-86">[86]</a></sup>
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</p><p>The Siberian tardigrade fossils differ from living tardigrades in
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several ways. They have three pairs of legs rather than four, they have
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a simplified head morphology, and they have no posterior head
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appendages, but they share with modern tardigrades their columnar
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cuticle construction.<sup id="cite_ref-Budd2001_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budd2001-87">[87]</a></sup> Scientists think they represent a stem group of living tardigrades.<sup id="cite_ref-EotI_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EotI-86">[86]</a></sup>
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</p><p>In October 2021, a new species, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradoryphoribius" title="Paradoryphoribius">Paradoryphoribius chronocaribbeus</a></i>, was discovered as a fossil in amber that was dated to be 16 million years old.<sup id="cite_ref-LS-20211005_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LS-20211005-88">[88]</a></sup>
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</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Evolutionary_history">Evolutionary history</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Evolutionary history">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OrstenTardigrade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/OrstenTardigrade_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/OrstenTardigrade_002.jpg 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/OrstenTardigrade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3675" data-file-height="2200"></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of the unnamed “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsten" title="Orsten">Orsten</a>” tardigrade, from the Cambrian Kuonamka Formation</figcaption></figure>
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fossil_Tardigrade_Dominican_Amber.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Fossil_Tardigrade_Dominican_Amber_003.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Fossil_Tardigrade_Dominican_Amber_002.png 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Fossil_Tardigrade_Dominican_Amber.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="344"></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradoryphoribius" title="Paradoryphoribius">Paradoryphoribius</a></i>, a miocene tardigrade</figcaption></figure>
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<p>There are multiple lines of evidence that tardigrades are secondarily miniaturized from a larger ancestor,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup> probably a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobopodian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobopodian">lobopodian</a> and perhaps resembling <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aysheaia" title="Aysheaia">Aysheaia</a></i>, which many analyses place close to the divergence of the tardigrade lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-ArtRels_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArtRels-90">[90]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith2014_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2014-91">[91]</a></sup> An alternative hypothesis derives <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactopoda" title="Tactopoda">tactopoda</a> from a clade encompassing dinocaridids and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opabinia" title="Opabinia">Opabinia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Budd1996_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budd1996-92">[92]</a></sup> A 2023 analysis concluded, on the basis of numerous morphological similarities, that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luolishaniidae" title="Luolishaniidae">luolishaniids</a> might be the closest known relatives of Tardigrada.<sup id="cite_ref-Kihm2023_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kihm2023-93">[93]</a></sup>
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</p><p>The oldest remains of modern tardigrades are those of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milnesium_swolenskyi" title="Milnesium swolenskyi">Milnesium swolenskyi</a>,</i> belonging to the living genus <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milnesium" title="Milnesium">Milnesium</a></i> known from a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turonian" title="Turonian">Turonian</a>) aged specimen of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_amber" title="New Jersey amber">New Jersey amber</a>, around 90 million years old. Another fossil, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beorn_(tardigrade)" title="Beorn (tardigrade)">Beorn leggi</a></i>, is known from a Late <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanian" title="Campanian">Campanian</a> (~72 million years old) specimen of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian_amber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canadian amber (page does not exist)">Canadian amber</a><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup> and has been placed in its own family (Beornidae), but was subsequently suggested to belong to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsibiidae" title="Hypsibiidae">Hypsibiidae</a>. An indeterminate heterotardigrade was also noted from the same deposit.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup>
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</p><p>The enigmatic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panarthropoda" title="Panarthropoda">panarthropod</a> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sialomorpha" title="Sialomorpha">Sialomorpha</a></i> found in 30-million year old <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_amber" title="Dominican amber">Dominican amber</a>, while not classifiable as a tardigrade, shows some apparent affinities.<sup id="cite_ref-Poinar2019_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poinar2019-96">[96]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GIZMODO2019_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GIZMODO2019-97">[97]</a></sup>
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</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Genomes_and_genome_sequencing">Genomes and genome sequencing</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Genomes and genome sequencing">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<p>Tardigrade <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genomes</a> vary in size, from about 75 to 800 mega<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">base pairs</a> of DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></sup> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsibius_exemplaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypsibius exemplaris">Hypsibius exemplaris</a></i> (formerly <i>Hypsibius dujardini</i>) has a compact genome of 100 megabase pairs<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup> and a generation time of about two weeks; it can be cultured indefinitely and cryopreserved.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup>
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</p><p>The genome of <i>Ramazzottius varieornatus</i>, one of the most stress-tolerant species of tardigrades, was sequenced by a team of researchers from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">University of Tokyo</a> in 2015. While previous research had claimed that around one-sixth of the genome had been acquired from other organisms,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></sup> it is now known that less than 1.2% of its genes were the result of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">horizontal gene transfer</a>.
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They also found evidence of a loss of gene pathways that are known to
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promote damage due to stress. This study also found a high expression of
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novel tardigrade-unique proteins, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dsup" title="Dsup">Damage suppressor (Dsup)</a>, which was shown to protect against DNA damage from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a>
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radiation. The same team applied the Dsup protein to human cultured
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cells and found that it suppressed X-ray damage to the human cells by
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around 40%.<sup id="cite_ref-Hashimoto_et_al._2015_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hashimoto_et_al._2015-55">[55]</a></sup>
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While the exact mechanism of DNA protection is largely unknown, the
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results from an August 2020 study suggest that strong electrostatic
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attractions along with high protein flexibility help form a molecular
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aggregate, which allows Dsup to shield DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></sup>
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</p><p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dsup" title="Dsup">Dsup</a> proteins of tardigrades <i>Ramazzottius varieornatus</i> and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsibius_exemplaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypsibius exemplaris">Hypsibius exemplaris</a></i> promote survival by binding to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleosome" title="Nucleosome">nucleosomes</a> and protecting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomal</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">hydroxyl radicals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></sup> The Dsup protein of <i>R. varieornatus</i> also confers resistance to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>-C by upregulating <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a> genes that protect the genomic DNA from the damages introduced by UV irradiation.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></sup>
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</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Ecological_importance">Ecological importance</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ecological importance">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<p>Many organisms that live in aquatic environments feed on species such as nematodes, tardigrades, bacteria, algae, mites, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collembolan" class="mw-redirect" title="Collembolan">collembolans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></sup>
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Tardigrades work as pioneer species by inhabiting new developing
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environments. This movement attracts other invertebrates to populate
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that space, while also attracting predators.<sup id="cite_ref-Brent_Nichols_2005_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brent_Nichols_2005-33">[33]</a></sup>
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</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li>The short-story "Bathybia" by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Douglas Mawson</a>, published in the book <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Australis_(book)" title="Aurora Australis (book)">Aurora Australis</a></i>
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in 1909, deals with an expedition to the South Pole where the team
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encounters giant mushrooms and arthropods, and a four-foot-long
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tardigrade waking from hibernation scares the narrator from his sleep,
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and he realize it was all a dream.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></sup></li>
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<li>When the characters in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe" title="Marvel Cinematic Universe">superhero films</a> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant-Man_(film)" title="Ant-Man (film)">Ant-Man</a></i> (2015) and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant-Man_and_the_Wasp" title="Ant-Man and the Wasp">Ant-Man and the Wasp</a></i> (2018) shrink themselves to enter the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Realm" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum Realm">Quantum Realm</a>", they encounter tardigrades.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></sup></li>
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<li>In the 2015 sci-fi horror film <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbinger_Down" title="Harbinger Down">Harbinger Down</a></i>, the characters have to deal with deadly mutated tardigrades.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></sup></li>
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<li>The second arc of the comic book <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Girls" title="Paper Girls">Paper Girls</a></i> (2015) features a pair of tardigrades that have been enlarged to a massive size as a side effect of time travel.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></sup></li>
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<li>Musician <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmo_Sheldrake" title="Cosmo Sheldrake">Cosmo Sheldrake</a> imagines himself a tardigrade in his 2015 "Tardigrade Song".<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></sup></li>
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<li>In <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Discovery" title="Star Trek: Discovery">Star Trek: Discovery</a></i> (2017), the alien "Ripper" creature who is used to "navigate" through a galactic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycelium" title="Mycelium">mycelium</a>
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network and instantly move the ship from one location in the galaxy to
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another is referred to as a "giant space tardigrade" and said to be a
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cousin of the tardigrade.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></sup></li>
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<li>The 2017 <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Park" title="South Park">South Park</a></i> episode "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss_Piglets_(South_Park)" title="Moss Piglets (South Park)">Moss Piglets</a>" involves a science experiment in which tardigrades learn to dance to the music of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></sup></li>
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<li>The 2018 <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Guy" title="Family Guy">Family Guy</a></i> episode "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Trouble_in_Little_Quahog" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Trouble in Little Quahog">Big Trouble in Little Quahog</a>" features <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewie_Griffin" title="Stewie Griffin">Stewie</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Griffin" title="Brian Griffin">Brian</a> being shrunk to a microscopic level, during which they meet a group of friendly tardigrades or "water bears" who help them.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></sup></li>
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<li>The plot in the 2021 <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_%26_Max#Video_games" title="Sam & Max">Sam & Max: This Time It's Virtual</a></i> video game includes an abandoned tardigrade amusement park, "Cap'N Aquabear's Funtime Park".<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></sup></li></ul>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tardigrades_of_South_Africa" title="List of tardigrades of South Africa">List of tardigrades of South Africa</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_microorganisms_tested_in_outer_space" title="List of microorganisms tested in outer space">List of microorganisms tested in outer space</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Interplanetary_Flight_Experiment" title="Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment">Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment</a>, study of selected microorganisms in outer space</li>
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">Panspermia</a></li></ul>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/tardigrade">"tardigrade"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=tardigrade&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Ftardigrade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-American_Scientist-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-American_Scientist_2-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-American_Scientist_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-American_Scientist_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-American_Scientist_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2017" class="citation web cs1">Miller, William (2017-02-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanscientist.org/article/tardigrades">"Tardigrades"</a>. American Scientist<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tardigrades&rft.pub=American+Scientist&rft.date=2017-02-06&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanscientist.org%2Farticle%2Ftardigrades&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-WRD-20140321-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WRD-20140321_3-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WRD-20140321_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WRD-20140321_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WRD-20140321_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSimon2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Simon, Matt (21 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2014/03/absurd-creature-week-water-bear/">"Absurd Creature of the Week: The Incredible Critter That's Tough Enough to Survive in the vacuum of Space"</a>. <i>Wired</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Absurd+Creature+of+the+Week%3A+The+Incredible+Critter+That%27s+Tough+Enough+to+Survive+in+the+vacuum+of+Space&rft.date=2014-03-21&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fwiredscience%2F2014%2F03%2Fabsurd-creature-week-water-bear%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCopley1999" class="citation news cs1">Copley, Jon (23 October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16422095.100-indestructible.html">"Indestructible"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>. No. 2209<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Indestructible&rft.issue=2209&rft.date=1999-10-23&rft.aulast=Copley&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg16422095.100-indestructible.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?p=17901">"Stanford Tardigrade Project"</a>. Foldscope. 2016-08-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stanford+Tardigrade+Project&rft.pub=Foldscope&rft.date=2016-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmicrocosmos.foldscope.com%2F%3Fp%3D17901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDean2015" class="citation news cs1">Dean, Cornelia (September 9, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/meet-tardigrade-the-water-bear/article7630324.ece">"Meet tardigrade, the water bear"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Meet+tardigrade%2C+the+water+bear&rft.date=2015-09-09&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Cornelia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-in-school%2Fmeet-tardigrade-the-water-bear%2Farticle7630324.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCross2016" class="citation journal cs1">Cross, Ryan (2016-11-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cen-09444-scitech1">"Secrets of the tardigrade"</a>. <i>C&EN Global Enterprise</i>. <b>94</b> (44): 20–21. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcen-09444-scitech1">10.1021/cen-09444-scitech1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=C%26EN+Global+Enterprise&rft.atitle=Secrets+of+the+tardigrade&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=20-21&rft.date=2016-11-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcen-09444-scitech1&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1021%2Fcen-09444-scitech1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Bordenstein-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenstein_8-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenstein_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenstein_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenstein_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenstein_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBordenstein" class="citation web cs1">Bordenstein, Sarah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/topics/tardigrade/index.html">"Tardigrades (Water Bears)"</a>. <i>Microbial Life Educational Resources</i>. National Science Digital Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microbial+Life+Educational+Resources&rft.atitle=Tardigrades+%28Water+Bears%29&rft.aulast=Bordenstein&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fserc.carleton.edu%2Fmicrobelife%2Ftopics%2Ftardigrade%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-WP-20170714-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WP-20170714_9-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WP-20170714_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGuarino2017" class="citation news cs1">Guarino, Ben (14 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2017/07/14/these-animals-can-survive-until-the-end-of-the-earth-astrophysicists-say/">"These animals can survive until the end of the Earth, astrophysicists say"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=These+animals+can+survive+until+the+end+of+the+Earth%2C+astrophysicists+say&rft.date=2017-07-14&rft.aulast=Guarino&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fspeaking-of-science%2Fwp%2F2017%2F07%2F14%2Fthese-animals-can-survive-until-the-end-of-the-earth-astrophysicists-say%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NAT-20170714-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NAT-20170714_10-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAT-20170714_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSloanAlves_BatistaLoeb2017" class="citation journal cs1">Sloan, David; Alves Batista, Rafael; Loeb, Abraham (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5511186">"The Resilience of Life to Astrophysical Events"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 5419. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.04253">1707.04253</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...7.5419S">2017NatSR...7.5419S</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-017-05796-x">10.1038/s41598-017-05796-x</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5511186">5511186</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28710420">28710420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=The+Resilience+of+Life+to+Astrophysical+Events&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5419&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5511186%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017NatSR...7.5419S&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1707.04253&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28710420&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-017-05796-x&rft.aulast=Sloan&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Alves+Batista%2C+Rafael&rft.au=Loeb%2C+Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5511186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFOrellanaMacayaBravoDorochesi2018" class="citation journal cs1">Orellana,
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Roberto; Macaya, Constanza; Bravo, Guillermo; Dorochesi, Flavia;
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Cumsille, Andrés; Valencia, Ricardo; Rojas, Claudia; Seeger, Michael
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(2018-10-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6218600">"Living at the Frontiers of Life: Extremophiles in Chile and Their Potential for Bioremediation"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Microbiology</i>. <b>9</b>: 2309. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmicb.2018.02309">10.3389/fmicb.2018.02309</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1664-302X">1664-302X</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6218600">6218600</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30425685">30425685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Living+at+the+Frontiers+of+Life%3A+Extremophiles+in+Chile+and+Their+Potential+for+Bioremediation&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=2309&rft.date=2018-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6218600%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-302X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30425685&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffmicb.2018.02309&rft.aulast=Orellana&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft.au=Macaya%2C+Constanza&rft.au=Bravo%2C+Guillermo&rft.au=Dorochesi%2C+Flavia&rft.au=Cumsille%2C+Andr%C3%A9s&rft.au=Valencia%2C+Ricardo&rft.au=Rojas%2C+Claudia&rft.au=Seeger%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6218600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14690-water-bears-are-first-animal-to-survive-vacuum-of-space.html">"<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>Water Bears' are first animal to survive vacuum of space"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080910062613/http://space.newscientist.com/article/dn14690-water-bears-are-first-animal-to-survive-vacuum-of-space.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=%27Water+Bears%27+are+first+animal+to+survive+vacuum+of+space.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn14690-water-bears-are-first-animal-to-survive-vacuum-of-space.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/09/080908135906.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Water Bears' Able To Survive Exposure To Vacuum Of Space"</a>. Science Daily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080911091656/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/09/080908135906.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Water+Bears%27+Able+To+Survive+Exposure+To+Vacuum+Of+Space&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2008%2F09%2F080908135906.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDegmaBertolaniGuidetti2019" class="citation journal cs1">Degma, Peter; Bertolani, Roberto; Guidetti, Roberto (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iris.unimore.it/retrieve/handle/11380/1178608/227296/Actual%20checklist%20of%20Tardigrada%2036th%20Edition.pdf">"Actual checklist of Tardigrada species (2009–2019, 36th Edition: 1-09-2019)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25431%2F11380_1178608">10.25431/11380_1178608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Actual+checklist+of+Tardigrada+species+%282009%E2%80%932019%2C+36th+Edition%3A+1-09-2019%29&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25431%2F11380_1178608&rft.aulast=Degma&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Bertolani%2C+Roberto&rft.au=Guidetti%2C+Roberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firis.unimore.it%2Fretrieve%2Fhandle%2F11380%2F1178608%2F227296%2FActual%2520checklist%2520of%2520Tardigrada%252036th%2520Edition.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Nelson-CurrentStatus-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson-CurrentStatus_15-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson-CurrentStatus_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2002" class="citation journal cs1">Nelson, Diane (1 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F42.3.652">"Current status of Tardigrada: Evolution and Ecology"</a>. <i>Integrative and Comparative Biology</i>. <b>42</b> (3): 652–659. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F42.3.652">10.1093/icb/42.3.652</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21708761">21708761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Integrative+and+Comparative+Biology&rft.atitle=Current+status+of+Tardigrada%3A+Evolution+and+Ecology&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=652-659&rft.date=2002-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2F42.3.652&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21708761&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ficb%252F42.3.652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFShaw" class="citation web cs1">Shaw, Michael W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140210001506/http://tardigrade.us/how-to-articles/how-to-find-tardigrades/">"How to Find Tardigrades"</a>. Tardigrade USA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tardigrade.us/how-to-articles/how-to-find-tardigrades/">the original</a> on 10 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Find+Tardigrades&rft.pub=Tardigrade+USA&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Michael+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftardigrade.us%2Fhow-to-articles%2Fhow-to-find-tardigrades%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsteinBlaxter2002" class="citation journal cs1">Goldstein, Bob; Blaxter, Mark (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2802%2900959-4">"Tardigrades"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>12</b> (14): R475. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2802%2900959-4">10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00959-4</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12176341">12176341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Tardigrades&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=R475&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2802%2900959-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12176341&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft.au=Blaxter%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0960-9822%252802%252900959-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-PBSW-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PBSW_19-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPerryMiller2015" class="citation journal cs1">Perry, Emma S.; Miller, William R. (2015). "<i>Echiniscoides wyethi</i>, a new marine tardigrade from Maine, U.S.A. (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscoidea: Echiniscoididae)". <i>Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington</i>. <b>128</b> (1): 103–110. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2988%2F0006-324X-128.1.103">10.2988/0006-324X-128.1.103</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85893082">85893082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Biological+Society+of+Washington&rft.atitle=Echiniscoides+wyethi%2C+a+new+marine+tardigrade+from+Maine%2C+U.S.A.+%28Heterotardigrada%3A+Echiniscoidea%3A+Echiniscoididae%29&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=103-110&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2988%2F0006-324X-128.1.103&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85893082%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Emma+S.&rft.au=Miller%2C+William+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRomano2003" class="citation journal cs1">Romano, Frank A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1653%2F0015-4040%282003%29086%5B0134%3AOWB%5D2.0.CO%3B2">"On water bears"</a>. <i>Florida Entomologist</i>. <b>86</b> (2): 134–137. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1653%2F0015-4040%282003%29086%5B0134%3AOWB%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1653/0015-4040(2003)086[0134:OWB]2.0.CO;2</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Florida+Entomologist&rft.atitle=On+water+bears&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=134-137&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1653%2F0015-4040%282003%29086%5B0134%3AOWB%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft.aulast=Romano&rft.aufirst=Frank+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1653%252F0015-4040%25282003%2529086%255B0134%253AOWB%255D2.0.CO%253B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSmithBoothbyGiovanniniRebecchi2016" class="citation journal cs1">Smith,
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Frank W.; Boothby, Thomas C.; Giovannini, Ilaria; Rebecchi, Lorena;
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Jockusch, Elizabeth L.; Goldstein, Bob (1 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.11.059">"The Compact Body Plan of Tardigrades Evolved by the Loss of a Large Body Region"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>26</b> (2): 224–229. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.11.059">10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.059</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26776737">26776737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=The+Compact+Body+Plan+of+Tardigrades+Evolved+by+the+Loss+of+a+Large+Body+Region&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=224-229&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.11.059&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26776737&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Frank+W.&rft.au=Boothby%2C+Thomas+C.&rft.au=Giovannini%2C+Ilaria&rft.au=Rebecchi%2C+Lorena&rft.au=Jockusch%2C+Elizabeth+L.&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2015.11.059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Seki98-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seki98_22-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seki98_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSekiToyoshima1998" class="citation journal cs1">Seki, Kunihiro; Toyoshima, Masato (1998). "Preserving tardigrades under pressure". <i>Nature</i>. <b>395</b> (6705): 853–54. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Natur.395..853S">1998Natur.395..853S</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F27576">10.1038/27576</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4429569">4429569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Preserving+tardigrades+under+pressure&rft.volume=395&rft.issue=6705&rft.pages=853-54&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4429569%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F27576&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Natur.395..853S&rft.aulast=Seki&rft.aufirst=Kunihiro&rft.au=Toyoshima%2C+Masato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kinchin, Ian M. (1994) <i>The Biology of Tardigrades</i> Ashgate Publishing</span>
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<li id="cite_note-IZ-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_24-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1982" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Robert D. (1982). <i>Invertebrate Zoology</i>. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 877–880. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-056747-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-056747-6"><bdi>978-0-03-056747-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invertebrate+Zoology&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=877-880&rft.pub=Holt-Saunders+International&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-03-056747-6&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://labs.bio.unc.edu/goldstein/SmithGoldstein2017.pdf">Segmentation in Tardigrada and diversification of segmental patterns in Panarthropoda</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-pmid26052416-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid26052416_26-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGrossMayer2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gross, Vladimir; Mayer, Georg (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4458024">"Neural development in the tardigrade <i>Hypsibius dujardini</i> based on anti-acetylated α-tubulin immunolabeling"</a>. <i>EvoDevo</i>. <b>6</b>: 12. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13227-015-0008-4">10.1186/s13227-015-0008-4</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4458024">4458024</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26052416">26052416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EvoDevo&rft.atitle=Neural+development+in+the+tardigrade+Hypsibius+dujardini+based+on+anti-acetylated+%CE%B1-tubulin+immunolabeling&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4458024%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26052416&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13227-015-0008-4&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft.au=Mayer%2C+Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4458024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFZantkeWolffScholtz2007" class="citation journal cs1">Zantke, Juliane; Wolff, Carsten; Scholtz, Gerhard (2007). "Three-dimensional reconstruction of the central nervous system of <i>Macrobiotus hufelandi</i> (Eutardigrada, Parachela): Implications for the phylogenetic position of Tardigrada". <i>Zoomorphology</i>. <b>127</b> (1): 21–36. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00435-007-0045-1">10.1007/s00435-007-0045-1</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43853965">43853965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zoomorphology&rft.atitle=Three-dimensional+reconstruction+of+the+central+nervous+system+of+Macrobiotus+hufelandi+%28Eutardigrada%2C+Parachela%29%3A+Implications+for+the+phylogenetic+position+of+Tardigrada&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-36&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00435-007-0045-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43853965%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zantke&rft.aufirst=Juliane&rft.au=Wolff%2C+Carsten&rft.au=Scholtz%2C+Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Greven2007-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greven2007_28-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGreven2007" class="citation journal cs1">Greven, Hartmut (2007). "Comments on the eyes of tardigrades". <i>Arthropod Structure & Development</i>. <b>36</b> (4): 401–407. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asd.2007.06.003">10.1016/j.asd.2007.06.003</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18089118">18089118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arthropod+Structure+%26+Development&rft.atitle=Comments+on+the+eyes+of+tardigrades&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=401-407&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.asd.2007.06.003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18089118&rft.aulast=Greven&rft.aufirst=Hartmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFElzinga1998" class="citation journal cs1">Elzinga, Richard J. (1998). "Microspines in the alimentary canal of Arthropoda, Onychophora, annelida". <i>International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology</i>. <b>27</b> (4): 341–349. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0020-7322%2898%2900027-0">10.1016/S0020-7322(98)00027-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Insect+Morphology+and+Embryology&rft.atitle=Microspines+in+the+alimentary+canal+of+Arthropoda%2C+Onychophora%2C+annelida&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=341-349&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0020-7322%2898%2900027-0&rft.aulast=Elzinga&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSugiuraMatsumoto2021" class="citation journal cs1">Sugiura, Kenta; Matsumoto, Midori (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07924259.2021.1990142">"Sexual reproductive behaviours of tardigrades: A review"</a>. <i>Invertebrate Reproduction & Development</i>. <b>65</b> (4): 279–287. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07924259.2021.1990142">10.1080/07924259.2021.1990142</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244504291">244504291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Invertebrate+Reproduction+%26+Development&rft.atitle=Sexual+reproductive+behaviours+of+tardigrades%3A+A+review&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=279-287&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07924259.2021.1990142&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244504291%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sugiura&rft.aufirst=Kenta&rft.au=Matsumoto%2C+Midori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F07924259.2021.1990142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1977" class="citation journal cs1">Morgan, Clive I. (1977). "Population dynamics of two species of Tardigrada, <i>Macrobiotus hufelandii</i> (Schultze) and <i>Echiniscus (Echiniscus) testudo</i> (Doyere), in roof moss from Swansea". <i>Journal of Animal Ecology</i>. <b>46</b> (1): 263–79. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3960">10.2307/3960</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3960">3960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Animal+Ecology&rft.atitle=Population+dynamics+of+two+species+of+Tardigrada%2C+Macrobiotus+hufelandii+%28Schultze%29+and+Echiniscus+%28Echiniscus%29+testudo+%28Doyere%29%2C+in+roof+moss+from+Swansea&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=263-79&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3960%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Clive+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLindahl2008" class="citation web cs1">Lindahl, K. (15 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwu.edu/~tardisdp/tardigrade_facts.html">"Tardigrade Facts"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tardigrade+Facts&rft.date=2008-03-15&rft.aulast=Lindahl&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwu.edu%2F~tardisdp%2Ftardigrade_facts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Brent_Nichols_2005-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brent_Nichols_2005_33-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brent_Nichols_2005_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBrent_Nichols2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Brent Nichols, Phillip (2005). <i>Tardigrade Evolution and Ecology</i> (PhD). Tampa, FL: University of South Florida.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Tardigrade+Evolution+and+Ecology&rft.inst=University+of+South+Florida&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Brent+Nichols&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHogan2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hogan, C. Michael (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eoearth.org/article/Extremophile?topic=49540">"Extremophile"</a>. In E. Monosson; C. Cleveland. (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Earth</i>. Washington, DC: National Council for Science and the Environment.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Extremophile&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Earth&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=National+Council+for+Science+and+the+Environment.&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Hogan&rft.aufirst=C.+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eoearth.org%2Farticle%2FExtremophile%3Ftopic%3D49540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSimon2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Simon, Matt (21 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2014/03/absurd-creature-week-water-bear/">"Absurd Creature of the Week: The Incredible Critter That's Tough Enough to Survive in Space"</a>. <i>Wired</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Absurd+Creature+of+the+Week%3A+The+Incredible+Critter+That%27s+Tough+Enough+to+Survive+in+Space&rft.date=2014-03-21&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2014%2F03%2Fabsurd-creature-week-water-bear%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/340800193"><i>New Zealand inventory of biodiversity</i></a>. Dennis P. Gordon. Christchurch, N.Z.: Canterbury University Press. 2009–2012. p. 28. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877257-72-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-877257-72-8"><bdi>978-1-877257-72-8</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/340800193">340800193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+inventory+of+biodiversity&rft.place=Christchurch%2C+N.Z.&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Canterbury+University+Press&rft.date=2009%2F2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F340800193&rft.isbn=978-1-877257-72-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F340800193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NYT-20150907-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20150907_38-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20150907_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDean2015" class="citation news cs1">Dean, Cornelia (7 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/08/science/the-tardigrade-water-bear.html">"The Tardigrade: Practically Invisible, Indestructible 'Water Bears'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Tardigrade%3A+Practically+Invisible%2C+Indestructible+%27Water+Bears%27&rft.date=2015-09-07&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Cornelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F09%2F08%2Fscience%2Fthe-tardigrade-water-bear.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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Kenneth Agerlin; Persson, Dennis; Ramløv, Hans; Westh, Peter;
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Kristensen, Reinhardt Møbjerg; Møbjerg, Nadja (1 September 2009).
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"Cyclomorphosis in Tardigrada: adaptation to environmental constraints".
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<i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>212</b> (17): 2803–11. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.029413">10.1242/jeb.029413</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19684214">19684214</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23429443">23429443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Cyclomorphosis+in+Tardigrada%3A+adaptation+to+environmental+constraints&rft.volume=212&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=2803-11&rft.date=2009-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23429443%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19684214&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.029413&rft.aulast=Halberg&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Agerlin&rft.au=Persson%2C+Dennis&rft.au=Raml%C3%B8v%2C+Hans&rft.au=Westh%2C+Peter&rft.au=Kristensen%2C+Reinhardt+M%C3%B8bjerg&rft.au=M%C3%B8bjerg%2C+Nadja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRampelotto2010" class="citation journal cs1">Rampelotto, Pabulo Henrique (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu2061602">"Resistance of Microorganisms to Extreme Environmental Conditions and Its Contribution to Astrobiology"</a>. <i>Sustainability</i>. <b>2</b> (6): 1602–23. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Sust....2.1602R">2010Sust....2.1602R</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu2061602">10.3390/su2061602</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.atitle=Resistance+of+Microorganisms+to+Extreme+Environmental+Conditions+and+Its+Contribution+to+Astrobiology&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1602-23&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsu2061602&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Sust....2.1602R&rft.aulast=Rampelotto&rft.aufirst=Pabulo+Henrique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsu2061602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRothschildMancinelli2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_J._Rothschild" title="Lynn J. Rothschild">Rothschild, Lynn J</a>; Mancinelli, Rocco L (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1233097">"Life in extreme environments"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>409</b> (6823): 1092–101. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.409.1092R">2001Natur.409.1092R</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35059215">10.1038/35059215</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11234023">11234023</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:529873">529873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Life+in+extreme+environments&rft.volume=409&rft.issue=6823&rft.pages=1092-101&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35059215&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A529873%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11234023&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Natur.409.1092R&rft.aulast=Rothschild&rft.aufirst=Lynn+J&rft.au=Mancinelli%2C+Rocco+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1233097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBrennand2011" class="citation web cs1">Brennand, Emma (17 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/12855775">"Tardigrades: Water bears in space"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tardigrades%3A+Water+bears+in+space&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2011-05-17&rft.aulast=Brennand&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnature%2F12855775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-auto-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_43-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCroweCarpenterCrowe1998" class="citation news cs1">Crowe, John H.; Carpenter, John F.; Crowe, Lois M. (October 1998). "The role of vitrification in anhydrobiosis". <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Physiology" title="Annual Review of Physiology">Annual Review of Physiology</a></i>. Vol. 60. pp. 73–103. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.physiol.60.1.73">10.1146/annurev.physiol.60.1.73</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9558455">9558455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Physiology&rft.atitle=The+role+of+vitrification+in+anhydrobiosis&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=73-103&rft.date=1998-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.physiol.60.1.73&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9558455&rft.aulast=Crowe&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+John+F.&rft.au=Crowe%2C+Lois+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Guidetti,_R._&_Jönsson,_K.I._2002_181–187-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guidetti,_R._&_Jönsson,_K.I._2002_181–187_44-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guidetti,_R._&_Jönsson,_K.I._2002_181–187_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGuidettiJönsson2002" class="citation journal cs1">Guidetti, Roberto; Jönsson, K. Ingemar (2002). "Long-term anhydrobiotic survival in semi-terrestrial micrometazoans". <i>Journal of Zoology</i>. <b>257</b> (2): 181–87. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.630.9839">10.1.1.630.9839</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS095283690200078X">10.1017/S095283690200078X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=Long-term+anhydrobiotic+survival+in+semi-terrestrial+micrometazoans&rft.volume=257&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=181-87&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.630.9839%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS095283690200078X&rft.aulast=Guidetti&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft.au=J%C3%B6nsson%2C+K.+Ingemar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChimileskiKolter2017" class="citation book cs1">Chimileski, Scott; Kolter, Roberto (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674975910"><i>Life at the Edge of Sight: A Photographic Exploration of the Microbial World</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press: An Imprint of Harvard University Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674975910" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674975910"><bdi>978-0674975910</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+at+the+Edge+of+Sight%3A+A+Photographic+Exploration+of+the+Microbial+World&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Belknap+Press%3A+An+Imprint+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0674975910&rft.aulast=Chimileski&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Kolter%2C+Roberto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hup.harvard.edu%2Fcatalog.php%3Fisbn%3D9780674975910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBell2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, Graham (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4721102">"Experimental macroevolution"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>283</b> (1822): 20152547. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2015.2547">10.1098/rspb.2015.2547</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4721102">4721102</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26763705">26763705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Experimental+macroevolution&rft.volume=283&rft.issue=1822&rft.pages=20152547&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4721102%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26763705&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2015.2547&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4721102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/tardigrades-facts-water-bear-science-outer-space-2017-10">"Humans are just starting to understand this nearly invincible creature – and it's fascinating"</a>. <i>BusinessInsider.com</i>. Business Insider Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BusinessInsider.com&rft.atitle=Humans+are+just+starting+to+understand+this+nearly+invincible+creature+%E2%80%93+and+it%27s+fascinating&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Ftardigrades-facts-water-bear-science-outer-space-2017-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jönsson,
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K., & Bertolani, R. (2001). Facts and fiction about long-term
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survival in tardigrades. Journal of Zoology, 255(1), 121-123.
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doi:10.1017/S0952836901001169</span>
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<li id="cite_note-hibshman-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hibshman_49-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hibshman_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHibshmanCleggGoldstein2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hibshman, Jonathan D.; Clegg, James S.; Goldstein, Bob (2020-10-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7649794">"Mechanisms of Desiccation Tolerance: Themes and Variations in Brine Shrimp, Roundworms, and Tardigrades"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Physiology</i>. <b>11</b>: 592016. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffphys.2020.592016">10.3389/fphys.2020.592016</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1664-042X">1664-042X</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7649794">7649794</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33192606">33192606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Physiology&rft.atitle=Mechanisms+of+Desiccation+Tolerance%3A+Themes+and+Variations+in+Brine+Shrimp%2C+Roundworms%2C+and+Tardigrades&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=592016&rft.date=2020-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7649794%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-042X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33192606&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffphys.2020.592016&rft.aulast=Hibshman&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rft.au=Clegg%2C+James+S.&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7649794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-kamilari-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kamilari_50-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kamilari_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKamilariJørgensenSchiøttMøbjerg2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kamilari, Maria; Jørgensen, Aslak; Schiøtt, Morten; Møbjerg, Nadja (2019-07-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6652013">"Comparative transcriptomics suggest unique molecular adaptations within tardigrade lineages"</a>. <i>BMC Genomics</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 607. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12864-019-5912-x">10.1186/s12864-019-5912-x</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2164">1471-2164</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6652013">6652013</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31340759">31340759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Genomics&rft.atitle=Comparative+transcriptomics+suggest+unique+molecular+adaptations+within+tardigrade+lineages&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=607&rft.date=2019-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6652013%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1471-2164&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31340759&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12864-019-5912-x&rft.aulast=Kamilari&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft.au=J%C3%B8rgensen%2C+Aslak&rft.au=Schi%C3%B8tt%2C+Morten&rft.au=M%C3%B8bjerg%2C+Nadja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6652013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLapinskiTunnacliffe2003" class="citation journal cs1">Lapinski, Jens; Tunnacliffe, Alan (2003). "Anhydrobiosis without trehalose in bdelloid rotifers". <i>FEBS Letters</i>. <b>553</b> (3): 387–390. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0014-5793%2803%2901062-7">10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01062-7</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1873-3468">1873-3468</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14572656">14572656</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1692056">1692056</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FEBS+Letters&rft.atitle=Anhydrobiosis+without+trehalose+in+bdelloid+rotifers&rft.volume=553&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=387-390&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=1873-3468&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1692056%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14572656&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0014-5793%2803%2901062-7&rft.aulast=Lapinski&rft.aufirst=Jens&rft.au=Tunnacliffe%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBoothbyTapiaBrozenaPiszkiewicz2017" class="citation journal cs1">Boothby,
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Thomas C; Tapia, Hugo; Brozena, Alexandra H; Piszkiewicz, Samantha;
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Smith, Austin E; Giovannini, Ilaria; Rebecchi, Lorena; Pielak, Gary J;
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Koshland, Doug; Goldstein, Bob (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5987194">"Tardigrades Use Intrinsically Disordered Proteins to Survive Desiccation"</a>. <i>Molecular Cell</i>. <b>65</b> (6): 975–984.e5. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2017.02.018">10.1016/j.molcel.2017.02.018</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5987194">5987194</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28306513">28306513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Cell&rft.atitle=Tardigrades+Use+Intrinsically+Disordered+Proteins+to+Survive+Desiccation&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=975-984.e5&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5987194%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28306513&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2017.02.018&rft.aulast=Boothby&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C&rft.au=Tapia%2C+Hugo&rft.au=Brozena%2C+Alexandra+H&rft.au=Piszkiewicz%2C+Samantha&rft.au=Smith%2C+Austin+E&rft.au=Giovannini%2C+Ilaria&rft.au=Rebecchi%2C+Lorena&rft.au=Pielak%2C+Gary+J&rft.au=Koshland%2C+Doug&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5987194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBoothbyPiszkiewiczHolehousePappu2018" class="citation journal cs1">Boothby, Thomas C.; Piszkiewicz, Samantha; Holehouse, Alex; Pappu, Rohit V.; Pielak, Gary J. (December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0011224018304024">"Tardigrades use intrinsically disordered proteins to survive desiccation"</a>. <i>Cryobiology</i>. <b>85</b>: 137–138. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cryobiol.2018.10.077">10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.10.077</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11380%2F1129511">11380/1129511</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:92411591">92411591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cryobiology&rft.atitle=Tardigrades+use+intrinsically+disordered+proteins+to+survive+desiccation&rft.volume=85&rft.pages=137-138&rft.date=2018-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11380%2F1129511&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A92411591%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cryobiol.2018.10.077&rft.aulast=Boothby&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rft.au=Piszkiewicz%2C+Samantha&rft.au=Holehouse%2C+Alex&rft.au=Pappu%2C+Rohit+V.&rft.au=Pielak%2C+Gary+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0011224018304024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFTaugerGill2016" class="citation news cs1">Tauger, Nathan; Gill, Victoria (20 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-37384466">"Survival secret of 'Earth's hardiest animal' revealed"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Survival+secret+of+%27Earth%27s+hardiest+animal%27+revealed&rft.date=2016-09-20&rft.aulast=Tauger&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft.au=Gill%2C+Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-37384466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Hashimoto_et_al._2015-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hashimoto_et_al._2015_55-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hashimoto_et_al._2015_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHashimotoHorikawaSaitoKuwahara2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hashimoto,
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Takuma; Horikawa, Daiki D; Saito, Yuki; Kuwahara, Hirokazu;
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Kozuka-Hata, Hiroko; Shin-i, Tadasu; Minakuchi, Yohei; Ohishi, Kazuko;
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Motoyama, Ayuko; Aizu, Tomoyuki; Enomoto, Atsushi; Kondo, Koyuki;
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Tanaka, Sae; Hara, Yuichiro; Koshikawa, Shigeyuki; Sagara, Hiroshi;
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Miura, Toru; Yokobori, Shin-Ichi; Miyagawa, Kiyoshi; Suzuki, Yutaka;
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Kubo, Takeo; Oyama, Masaaki; Kohara, Yuji; Fujiyama, Asao; Arakawa,
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Kazuharu; Katayama, Toshiaki; Toyoda, Atsushi; Kunieda, Takekazu (2016).
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<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5034306">"Extremotolerant tardigrade genome and improved radiotolerance of human cultured cells by tardigrade-unique protein"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>7</b>: 12808. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCo...712808H">2016NatCo...712808H</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms12808">10.1038/ncomms12808</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5034306">5034306</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27649274">27649274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Extremotolerant+tardigrade+genome+and+improved+radiotolerance+of+human+cultured+cells+by+tardigrade-unique+protein&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=12808&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5034306%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27649274&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms12808&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NatCo...712808H&rft.aulast=Hashimoto&rft.aufirst=Takuma&rft.au=Horikawa%2C+Daiki+D&rft.au=Saito%2C+Yuki&rft.au=Kuwahara%2C+Hirokazu&rft.au=Kozuka-Hata%2C+Hiroko&rft.au=Shin-i%2C+Tadasu&rft.au=Minakuchi%2C+Yohei&rft.au=Ohishi%2C+Kazuko&rft.au=Motoyama%2C+Ayuko&rft.au=Aizu%2C+Tomoyuki&rft.au=Enomoto%2C+Atsushi&rft.au=Kondo%2C+Koyuki&rft.au=Tanaka%2C+Sae&rft.au=Hara%2C+Yuichiro&rft.au=Koshikawa%2C+Shigeyuki&rft.au=Sagara%2C+Hiroshi&rft.au=Miura%2C+Toru&rft.au=Yokobori%2C+Shin-Ichi&rft.au=Miyagawa%2C+Kiyoshi&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+Yutaka&rft.au=Kubo%2C+Takeo&rft.au=Oyama%2C+Masaaki&rft.au=Kohara%2C+Yuji&rft.au=Fujiyama%2C+Asao&rft.au=Arakawa%2C+Kazuharu&rft.au=Katayama%2C+Toshiaki&rft.au=Toyoda%2C+Atsushi&rft.au=Kunieda%2C+Takekazu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5034306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Piper" title="Ross Piper">Piper, Ross</a> (2007), <i>Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals</i>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Press</a>. p. 277. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33922-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33922-6">978-0-313-33922-6</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-survival-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-survival_57-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-survival_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHorikawa2012" class="citation book cs1">Horikawa,
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Daiki D (2012). "Survival of Tardigrades in Extreme Environments: A
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Model Animal for Astrobiology". In Altenbach, Alexander V.; Bernhard,
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Joan M.; Seckbach, Joseph (eds.). <i>Anoxia</i>. Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology. Vol. 21. pp. 205–17. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-1896-8_12">10.1007/978-94-007-1896-8_12</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-1895-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-1895-1"><bdi>978-94-007-1895-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Survival+of+Tardigrades+in+Extreme+Environments%3A+A+Model+Animal+for+Astrobiology&rft.btitle=Anoxia&rft.series=Cellular+Origin%2C+Life+in+Extreme+Habitats+and+Astrobiology&rft.pages=205-17&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-1896-8_12&rft.isbn=978-94-007-1895-1&rft.aulast=Horikawa&rft.aufirst=Daiki+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-CB-201602-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CB-201602_58-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFTsujimotoImuraKanda2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tsujimoto, Megumu; Imura, Satoshi; Kanda, Hiroshi (February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cryobiol.2015.12.003">"Recovery and reproduction of an Antarctic tardigrade retrieved from a moss sample frozen for over 30 years"</a>. <i>Cryobiology</i>. <b>72</b> (1): 78–81. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cryobiol.2015.12.003">10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.12.003</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26724522">26724522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cryobiology&rft.atitle=Recovery+and+reproduction+of+an+Antarctic+tardigrade+retrieved+from+a+moss+sample+frozen+for+over+30+years&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=78-81&rft.date=2015-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cryobiol.2015.12.003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26724522&rft.aulast=Tsujimoto&rft.aufirst=Megumu&rft.au=Imura%2C+Satoshi&rft.au=Kanda%2C+Hiroshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cryobiol.2015.12.003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBecquerel1950" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Becquerel, Paul (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3183z/f261.item">"La
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suspension de la vie au dessous de 1/20 K absolu par
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demagnetization adiabatique de l'alun de fer dans le vide les plus
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eléve"</a> [The suspension of life below 1/20 K absolute by adiabatic demagnetization of iron alum in the highest vacuum]. <i>Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences</i> (in French). <b>231</b> (4): 261–63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus+des+S%C3%A9ances+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+des+Sciences&rft.atitle=La+suspension+de+la+vie+au+dessous+de+1%2F20+K+absolu+par+demagnetization+adiabatique+de+l%27alun+de+fer+dans+le+vide+les+plus+el%C3%A9ve&rft.volume=231&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=261-63&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Becquerel&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k3183z%2Ff261.item&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNevesHvidepilSørensen-HygumStuart2020" class="citation journal cs1">Neves, Ricardo Cardoso; Hvidepil, Lykke K. B.; Sørensen-Hygum, Thomas L.; Stuart, Robyn M.; Møbjerg, Nadja (9 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6952461">"Thermotolerance
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experiments on active and desiccated states of Ramazzottius
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varieornatus emphasize that tardigrades are sensitive to high
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temperatures"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 94. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatSR..10...94N">2020NatSR..10...94N</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-56965-z">10.1038/s41598-019-56965-z</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6952461">6952461</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31919388">31919388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Thermotolerance+experiments+on+active+and+desiccated+states+of+Ramazzottius+varieornatus+emphasize+that+tardigrades+are+sensitive+to+high+temperatures&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=94&rft.date=2020-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6952461%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31919388&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-019-56965-z&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatSR..10...94N&rft.aulast=Neves&rft.aufirst=Ricardo+Cardoso&rft.au=Hvidepil%2C+Lykke+K.+B.&rft.au=S%C3%B8rensen-Hygum%2C+Thomas+L.&rft.au=Stuart%2C+Robyn+M.&rft.au=M%C3%B8bjerg%2C+Nadja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6952461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Science-20210518-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Science-20210518_61-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Science-20210518_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFO'Callaghan2021" class="citation journal cs1">O'Callaghan, Jonathan (2021). "Hardy water bears survive bullet impacts—up to a point". <i>Science</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abj5282">10.1126/science.abj5282</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236376996">236376996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Hardy+water+bears+survive+bullet+impacts%E2%80%94up+to+a+point&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abj5282&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236376996%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=O%27Callaghan&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Jönsson,_K._Ingemar_&_R._Bertolani_2001_121–123-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jönsson,_K._Ingemar_&_R._Bertolani_2001_121–123_62-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jönsson,_K._Ingemar_&_R._Bertolani_2001_121–123_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJönssonBertolani2001" class="citation journal cs1">Jönsson, K. Ingemar; Bertolani, Roberto (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lup.lub.lu.se/record/147519">"Facts and fiction about long-term survival in tardigrades"</a>. <i>Journal of Zoology</i>. <b>255</b> (1): 121–23. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0952836901001169">10.1017/S0952836901001169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=Facts+and+fiction+about+long-term+survival+in+tardigrades&rft.volume=255&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=121-23&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0952836901001169&rft.aulast=J%C3%B6nsson&rft.aufirst=K.+Ingemar&rft.au=Bertolani%2C+Roberto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flup.lub.lu.se%2Frecord%2F147519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Franceschi,_T._1948_47–49-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franceschi,_T._1948_47–49_63-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franceschi,_T._1948_47–49_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFranceschi1948" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Franceschi, T. (1948). "Anabiosi nei tardigradi" [Anabiosis in Tardigrades]. <i>Bollettino dei Musei e Degli Istituti Biologici dell'Università di Genova</i> (in Italian). <b>22</b>: 47–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bollettino+dei+Musei+e+Degli+Istituti+Biologici+dell%27Universit%C3%A0+di+Genova&rft.atitle=Anabiosi+nei+tardigradi&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=47-49&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Franceschi&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKent2000" class="citation cs2">Kent, Michael (2000), <i>Advanced Biology</i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Biology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHorikawaSakashitaKatagiriWatanabe2006" class="citation journal cs1">Horikawa,
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Daiki D.; Sakashita, Tetsuya; Katagiri, Chihiro; Watanabe, Masahiko;
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Kikawada, Takahiro; Nakahara, Yuichi; Hamada, Nobuyuki; Wada, Seiichi;
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Funayama, Tomoo; Higashi, Seigo; Kobayashi, Yasuhiko; Okuda, Takashi;
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Kuwabara, Mikinori (2006). "Radiation tolerance in the tardigrade
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Milnesium tardigradum". <i>International Journal of Radiation Biology</i>. <b>82</b> (12): 843–848. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09553000600972956">10.1080/09553000600972956</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17178624">17178624</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25354328">25354328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Radiation+Biology&rft.atitle=Radiation+tolerance+in+the+tardigrade+Milnesium+tardigradum&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=843-848&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25354328%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17178624&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09553000600972956&rft.aulast=Horikawa&rft.aufirst=Daiki+D.&rft.au=Sakashita%2C+Tetsuya&rft.au=Katagiri%2C+Chihiro&rft.au=Watanabe%2C+Masahiko&rft.au=Kikawada%2C+Takahiro&rft.au=Nakahara%2C+Yuichi&rft.au=Hamada%2C+Nobuyuki&rft.au=Wada%2C+Seiichi&rft.au=Funayama%2C+Tomoo&rft.au=Higashi%2C+Seigo&rft.au=Kobayashi%2C+Yasuhiko&rft.au=Okuda%2C+Takashi&rft.au=Kuwabara%2C+Mikinori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Horikawa_et_al._2006-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Horikawa_et_al._2006_66-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horikawa_et_al._2006_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHorikawaSakashitaKatagiriWatanabe2009" class="citation journal cs1">Horikawa,
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Daiki D; Sakashita, Tetsuya; Katagiri, Chihiro; Watanabe, Masahiko;
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Kikawada, Takahiro; Nakahara, Yuichi; Hamada, Nobuyuki; Wada, Seiichi;
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Funayama, Tomoo; Higashi, Seigo; Kobayashi, Yasuhiko; Okuda, Takashi;
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Kuwabara, Mikinori (2009). "Radiation tolerance in the tardigrade <i>Milnesium tardigradum</i>". <i>International Journal of Radiation Biology</i>. <b>82</b> (12): 843–48. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09553000600972956">10.1080/09553000600972956</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17178624">17178624</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25354328">25354328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Radiation+Biology&rft.atitle=Radiation+tolerance+in+the+tardigrade+Milnesium+tardigradum&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=843-48&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25354328%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17178624&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09553000600972956&rft.aulast=Horikawa&rft.aufirst=Daiki+D&rft.au=Sakashita%2C+Tetsuya&rft.au=Katagiri%2C+Chihiro&rft.au=Watanabe%2C+Masahiko&rft.au=Kikawada%2C+Takahiro&rft.au=Nakahara%2C+Yuichi&rft.au=Hamada%2C+Nobuyuki&rft.au=Wada%2C+Seiichi&rft.au=Funayama%2C+Tomoo&rft.au=Higashi%2C+Seigo&rft.au=Kobayashi%2C+Yasuhiko&rft.au=Okuda%2C+Takashi&rft.au=Kuwabara%2C+Mikinori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHorikawa" class="citation web cs1">Horikawa, Daiki D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130218052059/https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/seminars/featured-seminar-channels/early-career-seminars/2012/04/24/uv-radiation-tolerance-of-tardigrades/">"UV Radiation Tolerance of Tardigrades"</a>. NASA.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/seminars/featured-seminar-channels/early-career-seminars/2012/04/24/uv-radiation-tolerance-of-tardigrades/">the original</a> on 2013-02-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UV+Radiation+Tolerance+of+Tardigrades&rft.pub=NASA.com&rft.aulast=Horikawa&rft.aufirst=Daiki+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fastrobiology.nasa.gov%2Fseminars%2Ffeatured-seminar-channels%2Fearly-career-seminars%2F2012%2F04%2F24%2Fuv-radiation-tolerance-of-tardigrades%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Jönsson_2013-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jönsson_2013_68-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jönsson_2013_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJönssonBeltran-PardoHaghdoostWojcik2013" class="citation journal cs1">Jönsson,
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Ingemar; Beltran-Pardo, Eliana; Haghdoost, Siamak; Wojcik, Andrzej;
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Bermúdez-Cruz, Rosa María; Bernal Villegas, Jaime E; Harms-Ringdahl,
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Mats (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4081%2Fjlimnol.2013.s1.e9">"Tolerance to gamma-irradiation in eggs of the tardigrade Richtersius coronifer depends on stage of development"</a>. <i>Journal of Limnology</i>. <b>72</b> (1): 9. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4081%2Fjlimnol.2013.s1.e9">10.4081/jlimnol.2013.s1.e9</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Limnology&rft.atitle=Tolerance+to+gamma-irradiation+in+eggs+of+the+tardigrade+Richtersius+coronifer+depends+on+stage+of+development&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4081%2Fjlimnol.2013.s1.e9&rft.aulast=J%C3%B6nsson&rft.aufirst=Ingemar&rft.au=Beltran-Pardo%2C+Eliana&rft.au=Haghdoost%2C+Siamak&rft.au=Wojcik%2C+Andrzej&rft.au=Berm%C3%BAdez-Cruz%2C+Rosa+Mar%C3%ADa&rft.au=Bernal+Villegas%2C+Jaime+E&rft.au=Harms-Ringdahl%2C+Mats&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4081%252Fjlimnol.2013.s1.e9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NS-20080908-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NS-20080908_69-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NS-20080908_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCourtland2008" class="citation news cs1">Courtland, Rachel (8 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14690-water-bears-are-first-animal-to-survive-space-vacuum.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Water bears' are first animal to survive space vacuum"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=%27Water+bears%27+are+first+animal+to+survive+space+vacuum&rft.date=2008-09-08&rft.aulast=Courtland&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn14690-water-bears-are-first-animal-to-survive-space-vacuum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-low-earth-orbit-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-low-earth-orbit_70-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-low-earth-orbit_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-low-earth-orbit_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJönssonRabbowSchillHarms-Ringdahl2008" class="citation journal cs1">Jönsson, K. Ingemar; Rabbow, Elke; Schill, Ralph O; Harms-Ringdahl, Mats; Rettberg, Petra (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.06.048">"Tardigrades survive exposure to space in low Earth orbit"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>18</b> (17): R729–R731. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.06.048">10.1016/j.cub.2008.06.048</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18786368">18786368</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8566993">8566993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Tardigrades+survive+exposure+to+space+in+low+Earth+orbit&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=R729-R731&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8566993%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18786368&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.06.048&rft.aulast=J%C3%B6nsson&rft.aufirst=K.+Ingemar&rft.au=Rabbow%2C+Elke&rft.au=Schill%2C+Ralph+O&rft.au=Harms-Ringdahl%2C+Mats&rft.au=Rettberg%2C+Petra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2008.06.048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-MSNBC-20111222-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MSNBC-20111222_72-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMustain2011" class="citation web cs1">Mustain, Andrea (22 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/45766560">"Weird wildlife: The real land animals of Antarctica"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weird+wildlife%3A+The+real+land+animals+of+Antarctica&rft.pub=NBC+News&rft.date=2011-12-22&rft.aulast=Mustain&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F45766560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJönssonRabbowSchillHarms-Ringdahl2008" class="citation journal cs1">Jönsson, K. Ingemar; Rabbow, Elke; Schill, Ralph O.; Harms-Ringdahl, Mats; Rettberg, Petra (September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.06.048">"Tardigrades survive exposure to space in low Earth orbit"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>18</b> (17): R729–R731. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.06.048">10.1016/j.cub.2008.06.048</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18786368">18786368</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8566993">8566993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Tardigrades+survive+exposure+to+space+in+low+Earth+orbit&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=R729-R731&rft.date=2008-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8566993%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18786368&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.06.048&rft.aulast=J%C3%B6nsson&rft.aufirst=K.+Ingemar&rft.au=Rabbow%2C+Elke&rft.au=Schill%2C+Ralph+O.&rft.au=Harms-Ringdahl%2C+Mats&rft.au=Rettberg%2C+Petra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2008.06.048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNASA_Staff2011" class="citation web cs1">NASA Staff (17 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110417085459/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/BIOKIS.html">"BIOKon In Space (BIOKIS)"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/BIOKIS.html">the original</a> on 17 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BIOKon+In+Space+%28BIOKIS%29&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2011-05-17&rft.au=NASA+Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fstation%2Fresearch%2Fexperiments%2FBIOKIS.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBrennard2011" class="citation web cs1">Brennard, Emma (17 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/12855775">"Tardigrades: Water bears in space"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tardigrades%3A+Water+bears+in+space&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2011-05-17&rft.aulast=Brennard&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnature%2F12855775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/12855775">"Tardigrades: Water bears in space"</a>. BBC Nature. 17 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tardigrades%3A+Water+bears+in+space&rft.pub=BBC+Nature&rft.date=2011-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnature%2F12855775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRebecchiAltieroRizzoCesari2012" class="citation book cs1">Rebecchi, L.; Altiero, T.; Rizzo, A. M.; Cesari, M.; Montorfano, G.; Marchioro, T.; Bertolani, R.; Guidetti, R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tardigrada.net/newsletter/images/symposia/12_Booklet.pdf">"Two tardigrade species on board of the STS-134 space flight"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>12th International Symposium on Tardigrada</i>. p. 89. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2434%2F239127">2434/239127</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-989-96860-7-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-989-96860-7-6"><bdi>978-989-96860-7-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Two+tardigrade+species+on+board+of+the+STS-134+space+flight&rft.btitle=12th+International+Symposium+on+Tardigrada&rft.pages=89&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2434%2F239127&rft.isbn=978-989-96860-7-6&rft.aulast=Rebecchi&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Altiero%2C+T.&rft.au=Rizzo%2C+A.+M.&rft.au=Cesari%2C+M.&rft.au=Montorfano%2C+G.&rft.au=Marchioro%2C+T.&rft.au=Bertolani%2C+R.&rft.au=Guidetti%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tardigrada.net%2Fnewsletter%2Fimages%2Fsymposia%2F12_Booklet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFReuell2019" class="citation web cs1">Reuell, Peter (2019-07-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/07/harvard-study-suggests-asteroids-might-play-key-role-in-spreading-life/">"Harvard study suggests asteroids might play key role in spreading life"</a>. <i>Harvard Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Gazette&rft.atitle=Harvard+study+suggests+asteroids+might+play+key+role+in+spreading+life&rft.date=2019-07-08&rft.aulast=Reuell&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.harvard.edu%2Fgazette%2Fstory%2F2019%2F07%2Fharvard-study-suggests-asteroids-might-play-key-role-in-spreading-life%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-WRD-20190805-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WRD-20190805_79-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFOberhaus2019" class="citation news cs1">Oberhaus, Daniel (5 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/a-crashed-israeli-lunar-lander-spilled-tardigrades-on-the-moon/">"A Crashed Israeli Lunar Lander Spilled Tardigrades On The Moon"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=A+Crashed+Israeli+Lunar+Lander+Spilled+Tardigrades+On+The+Moon&rft.date=2019-08-05&rft.aulast=Oberhaus&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fstory%2Fa-crashed-israeli-lunar-lander-spilled-tardigrades-on-the-moon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-VOX-20190806-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VOX-20190806_80-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFResnick2019" class="citation news cs1">Resnick, Brian (6 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/8/6/20756844/tardigrade-moon-beresheet-arch-mission">"Tardigrades,
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the toughest animals on Earth, have crash-landed on the moon – The
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tardigrade conquest of the solar system has begun"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Tardigrades%2C+the+toughest+animals+on+Earth%2C+have+crash-landed+on+the+moon+%E2%80%93+The+tardigrade+conquest+of+the+solar+system+has+begun&rft.date=2019-08-06&rft.aulast=Resnick&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fscience-and-health%2F2019%2F8%2F6%2F20756844%2Ftardigrade-moon-beresheet-arch-mission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Łukasz
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Kaczmarek. Can Tardigrades Theoretically Survive on Mars? Conference:
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Early Earth and ExoEarths: origin and evolution of lifeAt: Warszawa,
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Poland. April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319213582_Can_tardigrades_theoretically_survive_on_Mars">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319213582_Can_tardigrades_theoretically_survive_on_Mars</a>. Accessed on Oct 16, 2021</span>
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<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLedford2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ledford, Heidi (8 September 2008). "Spacesuits optional for 'water bears'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Nature</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2008.1087">10.1038/news.2008.1087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Spacesuits+optional+for+%27water+bears%27&rft.date=2008-09-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnews.2008.1087&rft.aulast=Ledford&rft.aufirst=Heidi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Cambell-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cambell_83-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambell_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellRota-StabelliEdgecombeMarchioro2011" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell,
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Lahcen I.; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Marchioro,
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Trevor; Longhorn, Stuart J.; Telford, Maximilian J.; Philippe, Hervé;
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Rebecchi, Lorena; Peterson, Kevin J.; Pisani, Davide (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3179045">"MicroRNAs
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and phylogenomics resolve the relationships of Tardigrada and suggest
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that velvet worms are the sister group of Arthropoda"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>108</b> (38): 15920–24. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PNAS..10815920C">2011PNAS..10815920C</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1105499108">10.1073/pnas.1105499108</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3179045">3179045</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21896763">21896763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=MicroRNAs+and+phylogenomics+resolve+the+relationships+of+Tardigrada+and+suggest+that+velvet+worms+are+the+sister+group+of+Arthropoda&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=15920-24&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3179045%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21896763&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1105499108&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PNAS..10815920C&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Lahcen+I.&rft.au=Rota-Stabelli%2C+Omar&rft.au=Edgecombe%2C+Gregory+D.&rft.au=Marchioro%2C+Trevor&rft.au=Longhorn%2C+Stuart+J.&rft.au=Telford%2C+Maximilian+J.&rft.au=Philippe%2C+Herv%C3%A9&rft.au=Rebecchi%2C+Lorena&rft.au=Peterson%2C+Kevin+J.&rft.au=Pisani%2C+Davide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3179045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Telford-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Telford_84-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFTelfordBourlatEconomouPapillon2008" class="citation journal cs1">Telford, Maximilian J.; Bourlat, Sarah J.; Economou, Andrew; Papillon, Daniel; Rota-Stabelli, Omar (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2614232">"The evolution of the Ecdysozoa"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>363</b> (1496): 1529–37. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2007.2243">10.1098/rstb.2007.2243</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20208544">20208544</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2614232">2614232</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18192181">18192181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+the+Ecdysozoa&rft.volume=363&rft.issue=1496&rft.pages=1529-37&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2614232%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18192181&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20208544%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2007.2243&rft.aulast=Telford&rft.aufirst=Maximilian+J.&rft.au=Bourlat%2C+Sarah+J.&rft.au=Economou%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Papillon%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Rota-Stabelli%2C+Omar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2614232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBlaxterElsworthDaub2004" class="citation journal cs1">Blaxter, Mark; Elsworth, Ben; Daub, Jennifer (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1810026">"DNA taxonomy of a neglected animal phylum: An unexpected diversity of tardigrades"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>271</b> (Suppl 4): S189–92. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2003.0130">10.1098/rsbl.2003.0130</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4142714">4142714</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1810026">1810026</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15252980">15252980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=DNA+taxonomy+of+a+neglected+animal+phylum%3A+An+unexpected+diversity+of+tardigrades&rft.volume=271&rft.issue=Suppl+4&rft.pages=S189-92&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1810026%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15252980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4142714%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2003.0130&rft.aulast=Blaxter&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Elsworth%2C+Ben&rft.au=Daub%2C+Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1810026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-EotI-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EotI_86-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EotI_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGrimaldiEngel2005" class="citation book cs1">Grimaldi, David A.; Engel, Michael S. (2005). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutioninsects00grim_110"><i>Evolution of the Insects</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutioninsects00grim_110/page/n110">96</a>–97. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82149-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82149-0"><bdi>978-0-521-82149-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+the+Insects&rft.pages=96-97&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82149-0&rft.aulast=Grimaldi&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft.au=Engel%2C+Michael+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutioninsects00grim_110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Budd2001-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Budd2001_87-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBudd2001" class="citation journal cs1">Budd, Graham E (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223465290">"Tardigrades as 'Stem-Group Arthropods': The Evidence from the Cambrian Fauna"</a>. <i>Zoologischer Anzeiger</i>. <b>240</b> (3–4): 265–79. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1078%2F0044-5231-00034">10.1078/0044-5231-00034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zoologischer+Anzeiger&rft.atitle=Tardigrades+as+%27Stem-Group+Arthropods%27%3A+The+Evidence+from+the+Cambrian+Fauna&rft.volume=240&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=265-79&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1078%2F0044-5231-00034&rft.aulast=Budd&rft.aufirst=Graham+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F223465290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-LS-20211005-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LS-20211005_88-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLanese2021" class="citation news cs1">Lanese, Nicoletta (5 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/new-tardigrade-species-found-in-amber">"Tardigrade trapped in amber is a never-before-seen species"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Science" title="Live Science">Live Science</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=Tardigrade+trapped+in+amber+is+a+never-before-seen+species&rft.date=2021-10-05&rft.aulast=Lanese&rft.aufirst=Nicoletta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2Fnew-tardigrade-species-found-in-amber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGrossTreffkornReicheltEpple2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gross,
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<li id="cite_note-ArtRels-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ArtRels_90-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFForteyThomas2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Fortey" title="Richard Fortey">Fortey, Richard A.</a>; Thomas, Richard H. (2001). <i>Arthropod Relationships</i>. Chapman & Hall. p. 383. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-412-75420-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-412-75420-3"><bdi>978-0-412-75420-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arthropod+Relationships&rft.pages=383&rft.pub=Chapman+%26+Hall&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-412-75420-3&rft.aulast=Fortey&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Richard+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Smith2014-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith2014_91-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSmithOrtega-Hernández2014" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Martin R.; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dro.dur.ac.uk/19108/1/19108.pdf">"Hallucigenia's onychophoran-like claws and the case for Tactopoda"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>514</b> (7522): 363–66. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.514..363S">2014Natur.514..363S</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature13576">10.1038/nature13576</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25132546">25132546</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205239797">205239797</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Hallucigenia%27s+onychophoran-like+claws+and+the+case+for+Tactopoda&rft.volume=514&rft.issue=7522&rft.pages=363-66&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature13576&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205239797%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25132546&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Natur.514..363S&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Martin+R.&rft.au=Ortega-Hern%C3%A1ndez%2C+Javier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdro.dur.ac.uk%2F19108%2F1%2F19108.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Budd1996-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Budd1996_92-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBudd1996" class="citation journal cs1">Budd, Graham E (1996). "The morphology of Opabinia regalis and the reconstruction of the arthropod stem-group". <i>Lethaia</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 1–14. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1502-3931.1996.tb01831.x">10.1111/j.1502-3931.1996.tb01831.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lethaia&rft.atitle=The+morphology+of+Opabinia+regalis+and+the+reconstruction+of+the+arthropod+stem-group&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1502-3931.1996.tb01831.x&rft.aulast=Budd&rft.aufirst=Graham+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKinchin1987" class="citation journal cs1">Kinchin, IM (1987). "The moss fauna 1; Tardigrades". <i>Journal of Biological Education</i>. <b>21</b> (4): 288–90. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00219266.1987.9654916">10.1080/00219266.1987.9654916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biological+Education&rft.atitle=The+moss+fauna+1%3B+Tardigrades.&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=288-90&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00219266.1987.9654916&rft.aulast=Kinchin&rft.aufirst=IM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBlum2019" class="citation book cs1">Blum, Hester (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia803005.us.archive.org/13/items/newsatendsofeart00blum/newsatendsofeart00blum.pdf"><i>The News at the Ends of the Earth: The Print Culture of Polar Exploration</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. 170. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781478004486" title="Special:BookSources/9781478004486"><bdi>9781478004486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+News+at+the+Ends+of+the+Earth%3A+The+Print+Culture+of+Polar+Exploration&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781478004486&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=Hester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fia803005.us.archive.org%2F13%2Fitems%2Fnewsatendsofeart00blum%2Fnewsatendsofeart00blum.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailydot.com/parsec/quantum-realm-ant-man/">"How the Quantum Realm could play into future Marvel films"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Dot" title="The Daily Dot">The Daily Dot</a></i>. 10 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Dot&rft.atitle=How+the+Quantum+Realm+could+play+into+future+Marvel+films&rft.date=2018-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailydot.com%2Fparsec%2Fquantum-realm-ant-man%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKing2018" class="citation news cs1">King, Darryn (6 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/06/movies/antman-and-the-wasp-science.html">"The Science (and the Scientists) Behind 'Ant-Man'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Science+%28and+the+Scientists%29+Behind+%27Ant-Man%27&rft.date=2018-07-06&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Darryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F07%2F06%2Fmovies%2Fantman-and-the-wasp-science.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/entertainment/movies/ant-man-and-the-wasp-needs-a-little-help">"Ant-Man and the Wasp needs a little help"</a>. 4 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2018</span>. <q>Ant-Man
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and the Wasp is still intermittent fun, particularly for fans of
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tardigrades, the water-dwelling micro-fauna that had a brief cameo in
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the first Ant-Man, and get their well-deserved close-up in this one.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ant-Man+and+the+Wasp+needs+a+little+help&rft.date=2018-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmovies%2Fant-man-and-the-wasp-needs-a-little-help&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span>
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<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ew.com/article/2014/06/10/lance-henriksen-harbinger-down/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Harbinger Down': New trailer for creature feature"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entertainment+Weekly&rft.atitle=%27Harbinger+Down%27%3A+New+trailer+for+creature+feature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Few.com%2Farticle%2F2014%2F06%2F10%2Flance-henriksen-harbinger-down%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bloody-disgusting.com/reviews/3351171/review-harbinger-bleak-tiring-vanilla-creature-feature/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Harbinger Down' Review: A Bleak & Vanilla Creature Feature"</a>. <i>bloody-disgusting.com</i>. 31 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bloody-disgusting.com&rft.atitle=%27Harbinger+Down%27+Review%3A+A+Bleak+%26+Vanilla+Creature+Feature&rft.date=2015-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbloody-disgusting.com%2Freviews%2F3351171%2Freview-harbinger-bleak-tiring-vanilla-creature-feature%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRaftery2016" class="citation news cs1">Raftery, Brian (5 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2016/10/paper-girls-must-read/">"If You Only Read One Comic This Month, Make It 'Paper Girls'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Wired</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=If+You+Only+Read+One+Comic+This+Month%2C+Make+It+%27Paper+Girls%27&rft.date=2016-10-05&rft.aulast=Raftery&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2016%2F10%2Fpaper-girls-must-read%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diymag.com/2015/02/02/cosmo-sheldrake-shares-new-single-and-tour-dates">"Cosmo Sheldrake shares new single and tour dates"</a>. <i>DIY</i>. 2 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DIY&rft.atitle=Cosmo+Sheldrake+shares+new+single+and+tour+dates&rft.date=2015-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiymag.com%2F2015%2F02%2F02%2Fcosmo-sheldrake-shares-new-single-and-tour-dates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.folkradio.co.uk/2015/02/cosmo-sheldrake-tardigrade-song/">"Cosmo Sheldrake - Tardigrade Song | Folk Radio"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_Radio_UK" title="Folk Radio UK">Folk Radio UK</a> - Folk Music Magazine</i>. 2 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Folk+Radio+UK+-+Folk+Music+Magazine&rft.atitle=Cosmo+Sheldrake+-+Tardigrade+Song+%7C+Folk+Radio&rft.date=2015-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.folkradio.co.uk%2F2015%2F02%2Fcosmo-sheldrake-tardigrade-song%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inverse.com/article/37284-tardigrade-star-trek-ripper">"The Scientific Truth About Ripper the 'Star Trek' Tardigrade Is a Huge Relief"</a>. 10 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Scientific+Truth+About+Ripper+the+%27Star+Trek%27+Tardigrade+Is+a+Huge+Relief&rft.date=2017-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inverse.com%2Farticle%2F37284-tardigrade-star-trek-ripper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSalzberg" class="citation web cs1">Salzberg, Steven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevensalzberg/2017/10/30/new-star-trek-series-makes-massive-science-blunder/#47c2d5631b37">"New 'Star Trek' Series Makes Massive Science Blunder"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=New+%27Star+Trek%27+Series+Makes+Massive+Science+Blunder&rft.aulast=Salzberg&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fstevensalzberg%2F2017%2F10%2F30%2Fnew-star-trek-series-makes-massive-science-blunder%2F%2347c2d5631b37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPlacido" class="citation web cs1">Placido, Dani Di. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/danidiplacido/2017/11/16/south-park-review-cartman-creates-a-monster-in-moss-piglets/#4bec978e3dca">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'South Park' Review: Cartman Creates A Monster In 'Moss Piglets'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=%27South+Park%27+Review%3A+Cartman+Creates+A+Monster+In+%27Moss+Piglets%27&rft.aulast=Placido&rft.aufirst=Dani+Di&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fdanidiplacido%2F2017%2F11%2F16%2Fsouth-park-review-cartman-creates-a-monster-in-moss-piglets%2F%234bec978e3dca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com.au/south-park-season-21-episode-8-live-stream-moss-piglets-1561712">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'South Park' season 21 episode 8 live stream: 'Moss Piglets'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 15 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27South+Park%27+season+21+episode+8+live+stream%3A+%27Moss+Piglets%27&rft.date=2017-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com.au%2Fsouth-park-season-21-episode-8-live-stream-moss-piglets-1561712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNicole_Yang2018" class="citation web cs1">Nicole Yang (22 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/sports/boston-celtics/2018/10/22/kyrie-irving-family-guy">"Kyrie Irving got a credit in the most recent episode of 'Family Guy'. Meet "Vernon The Water Bear."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Boston Globe Media Partners, LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kyrie+Irving+got+a+credit+in+the+most+recent+episode+of+%27Family+Guy%27.+Meet+%22Vernon+The+Water+Bear.%22&rft.pub=Boston+Globe+Media+Partners%2C+LLC&rft.date=2018-10-22&rft.au=Nicole+Yang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fsports%2Fboston-celtics%2F2018%2F10%2F22%2Fkyrie-irving-family-guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus_Stewart2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Marcus Stewart (21 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gameinformer.com/exclusive/2021/03/31/how-sam-max-this-time-its-virtual-brings-the-comedic-crime-fighting-duo-to-vr">"How Sam & Max: This Time It's Virtual! Brings The Comedic Crime-Fighting Duo To VR"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer" title="Game Informer">Game Informer</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Game+Informer&rft.atitle=How+Sam+%26+Max%3A+This+Time+It%27s+Virtual%21+Brings+The+Comedic+Crime-Fighting+Duo+To+VR&rft.date=2021-03-21&rft.au=Marcus+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gameinformer.com%2Fexclusive%2F2021%2F03%2F31%2Fhow-sam-max-this-time-its-virtual-brings-the-comedic-crime-fighting-duo-to-vr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1134653256">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style>
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<div class="side-box-flex">
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<div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Wikispecies-logo.svg_003.webp" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Wikispecies-logo.svg_002.webp 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Wikispecies-logo.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103"></span></span></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Tardigrada">Tardigrada</a></b></i>.</div></div>
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</div>
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1134653256"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409">
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<div class="side-box-flex">
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<div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Commons-logo.svg_003.webp" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Commons-logo.svg_002.webp 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Commons-logo.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></span></span></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tardigrada" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tardigrada">Tardigrada</a></span>.</div></div>
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</div>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em">
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tardigrada.net/">Tardigrada Register</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320234913/http://www.tardigrada.net/">Archived</a> 2015-03-20 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>
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<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap130306.html">NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: Tardigrade in Moss (6 March 2013)</a></li></ul>
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</div>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Drinking_water_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/25px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450"></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Issoria_lathonia.jpg_002.webp" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/32px-Issoria_lathonia.webp 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Issoria_lathonia.jpg.webp 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445"></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/21px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/32px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.webp 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg.webp 2x" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="1885"></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="Portal:San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cercophonius_squama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Cercophonius_squama_00
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<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-pa
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<dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">Domain</a></span></dt>
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<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Archaea_classification" title="Template:Archaea classification">Archaea</a></dd>
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<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bacteria_classification" title="Template:Bacteria classification">Bacteria</a></dd>
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<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Eukaryota" title="Template:Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></dd>
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<dt><span class="nobold">(Major groups</span></dt>
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<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a>
|
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<dl><dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plant</a></dd>
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<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Stramenopile" title="Template:Stramenopile">Stramenopiles</a></dd>
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<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Alveolata" title="Template:Alveolata">Alveolata</a></dd>
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<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Rhizaria" title="Template:Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></dd></dl></dd>
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<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a>
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<dl><dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Amoebozoa" title="Template:Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></dd>
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<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Opisthokont_protists" title="Template:Opisthokont protists">Opisthokonta</a>
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<dl><dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Animalia" title="Template:Animalia">Animal</a></dd>
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<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Fungi_classification" title="Template:Fungi classification">Fungi</a>)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl>
|
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</div></div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Animalia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:rgb(245,245,232);width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
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<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge"><b>Porifera (sponges)</b></a></li>
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora (comb jellies)</a></li></ul>
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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ParaHoxozoa" title="ParaHoxozoa">ParaHoxozoa</a><br>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planulozoa" title="Planulozoa">Planulozoa</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
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<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa (<i>Trichoplax</i> and relatives)</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria"><b>Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)</b></a></li></ul>
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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a> (Triploblasts)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
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<ul><li>(see below↓)</li></ul>
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</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(245,245,232)"><div>
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<dl><dt><span class="nobold">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogeny</a> of the animal root <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal#Internal_phylogeny" title="Animal">is disputed</a>; see also</span></dt>
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<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eumetazoa" title="Eumetazoa">Eumetazoa</a></dd>
|
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<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benthozoa" title="Benthozoa">Benthozoa</a></dd></dl>
|
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</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup mw-made-collapsible" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(235,235,210)"><button type="button" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default" aria-expanded="true" tabindex="0"><span class="mw-collapsible-text">hide</span></button><div id="Bilateria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bilateria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:rgb(245,245,232);width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -24px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
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<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)</a></li>
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<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata (chordates)</a></b></li></ul>
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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulacraria" title="Ambulacraria">Ambulacraria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
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<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm"><b>Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)</b></a></li>
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)</a></li></ul>
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|
|
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Protostomia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -35px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">Protostomia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -30px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Scalidophora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalidophora" title="Scalidophora">Scalidophora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">Priapulida (penis worms)</a></li></ul>
|
|||
|
|
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">N+L+P</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nematoida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematoida" title="Nematoida">Nematoida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode"><b>Nematoda (roundworms)</b></a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)</a></li></ul>
|
|||
|
|
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="L+P" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">L+P</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loricifera" title="Loricifera">Loricifera (corset animals)</a></li></ul>
|
|||
|
|
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panarthropoda" title="Panarthropoda">Panarthropoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora (velvet worms)</a></li></ul>
|
|||
|
|
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactopoda" title="Tactopoda">Tactopoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod"><b>Arthropoda (arthropods)</b></a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b>Tardigrada (waterbears)</b></a></li></ul>
|
|||
|
|
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -20px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiralia" title="Spiralia">Spiralia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gnathifera" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathifera_(clade)" title="Gnathifera (clade)">Gnathifera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha">Chaetognatha (arrow worms)</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomulid" title="Gnathostomulid">Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)</a></li></ul>
|
|||
|
|
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">M+S</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnognathia" title="Limnognathia">Micrognathozoa <i>(Limnognathia)</i></a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndermata" title="Syndermata">Syndermata</a>
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotifer" title="Rotifer">Rotifera (wheel animals)</a></b></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)</a></b></li></ul></li></ul>
|
|||
|
|
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -41px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platytrochozoa" title="Platytrochozoa">Platytrochozoa</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="R+M" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">R+M</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouphozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouphozoa">Rouphozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm"><b>Platyhelminthes (flatworms)</b></a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrotrich" title="Gastrotrich">Gastrotricha (hairybacks)</a></li></ul>
|
|||
|
|
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoa" title="Mesozoa">Mesozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthonectida" title="Orthonectida">Orthonectida</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicyemida" title="Dicyemida">Dicyemida or Rhombozoa</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoblastozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoblastozoa">Monoblastozoa (<i>Salinella</i>)</a>†</li></ul>
|
|||
|
|
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -44px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophotrochozoa" title="Lophotrochozoa">Lophotrochozoa</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbion" title="Symbion">Cycliophora (<i>Symbion</i>)</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid"><b>Annelida (segmented worms)</b></a></li></ul>
|
|||
|
|
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">M+K</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca"><b>Mollusca (molluscs)</b></a></li></ul>
|
|||
|
|
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryptotrochozoa" title="Kryptotrochozoa">Kryptotrochozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea"><b>Nemertea (ribbon worms)</b></a></li></ul>
|
|||
|
|
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophophorata" title="Lophophorata">Lophophorata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa s.l.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entoprocta" title="Entoprocta">Entoprocta or Kamptozoa</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa"><b>Ectoprocta (moss animals)</b></a></li></ul>
|
|||
|
|
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachiozoa" title="Brachiozoa">Brachiozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">Brachiopoda (lamp shells)</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoronid" title="Phoronid">Phoronida (horseshoe worms)</a></li></ul>
|
|||
|
|
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(245,245,232)"><div>
|
|||
|
|
<dl><dt><span class="nobold">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogeny</a> of Bilateria <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateria#Phylogeny" title="Bilateria">is disputed</a>; see also</span></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrozoa" title="Nephrozoa">Nephrozoa</a></dd>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterostome" title="Deuterostome">Deuterostomia</a></dd>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenambulacraria" title="Xenambulacraria">Xenambulacraria</a></dd>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centroneuralia" title="Centroneuralia">Centroneuralia</a></dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><hr></div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Major_groupswithin_phyla" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #f0f0f0;">Major groups<br>within phyla</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">Sponges</a></b>
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demosponge" title="Demosponge">Demosponges</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexactinellid" title="Hexactinellid">Glass sponges</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcareous_sponge" title="Calcareous sponge">Calcareous sponges</a></li></ul></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidarians</a></b>
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthozoa" title="Anthozoa">Anthozoans inc. corals</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medusozoa" title="Medusozoa">Medusozoans inc. jellyfish</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxozoa" title="Myxozoa">Myxozoans</a></li></ul></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordates</a></b>
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalochordate" title="Cephalochordate">Lancelets</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunicate" title="Tunicate">Tunicates</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrates</a></li></ul></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderms</a></b>
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crinozoa" title="Crinozoa">Sea lilies</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterozoa" title="Asterozoa">Asterozoans inc. starfish</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinozoa" title="Echinozoa">Echinozoans inc. sea urchins</a></li></ul></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordates</a></b>
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn_worm" title="Acorn worm">Acorn worms</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterobranchia" title="Pterobranchia">Pterobranchs</a></li></ul></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">Nematodes</a></b>
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromadorea" title="Chromadorea">Chromadorea</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoplea" title="Enoplea">Enoplea</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secernentea" title="Secernentea">Secernentea</a></li></ul></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropods</a></b>
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelicerata" title="Chelicerata">Chelicerates inc. arachnids</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myriapoda" title="Myriapoda">Myriapods</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustaceans</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">Hexapods inc. insects</a></li></ul></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">Platyhelminths</a></b>
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbellaria" title="Turbellaria">Turbellaria</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trematoda" title="Trematoda">Trematoda</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogenea" title="Monogenea">Monogenea</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cestoda" title="Cestoda">Cestoda</a></li></ul></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Ectoproctans</a></b>
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylactolaemata" title="Phylactolaemata">Phylactolaemata</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenolaemata" title="Stenolaemata">Stenolaemata</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnolaemata" title="Gymnolaemata">Gymnolaemata</a></li></ul></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">Annelids</a></b>
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychaete" title="Polychaete">Polychaetes</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitellata" title="Clitellata">Clitellata</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipuncula" title="Sipuncula">Sipuncula</a></li></ul></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Molluscs</a></b>
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">Gastropods</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">Cephalopods</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">Bivalves</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">Chitons</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusk_shell" title="Tusk shell">Tusk shells</a></li></ul></li></ul>
|
|||
|
|
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(235,235,210)"><div>
|
|||
|
|
<dl><dd>Phyla with ≥1000 extant species <b>bolded</b></dd>
|
|||
|
|
<dd>Potentially <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubious_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubious species">dubious phyla</a> †</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extremophiles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><button type="button" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0"><span class="mw-collapsible-text">show</span></button><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Extremophiles" title="Template:Extremophiles"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Extremophiles" title="Template talk:Extremophiles"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Extremophiles&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extremophiles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">Extremophiles</a></div></th></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
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|
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<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidophile" title="Acidophile">Acidophile</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaliphile" title="Alkaliphile">Alkaliphile</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capnophile" title="Capnophile">Capnophile</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endolith" title="Endolith">Endolith</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halophile" title="Halophile">Halophile</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypolith" title="Hypolith">Hypolith</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipophilic_bacteria" title="Lipophilic bacteria">Lipophile</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithoautotroph" title="Lithoautotroph">Lithoautotroph</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithophile" title="Lithophile">Lithophile</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanogen" title="Methanogen">Methanogen</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallotolerant" title="Metallotolerant">Metallotolerant</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligotroph" title="Oligotroph">Oligotroph</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmophile" title="Osmophile">Osmophile</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezophile" title="Piezophile">Piezophile</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyextremophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyextremophile">Polyextremophile</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psammophile" title="Psammophile">Psammophile</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychrophile" title="Psychrophile">Psychrophile</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioresistance" title="Radioresistance">Radioresistant</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermophile" title="Thermophile">Thermophile</a> / <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthermophile" title="Hyperthermophile">Hyperthermophile</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoacidophile" title="Thermoacidophile">Thermoacidophile</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerophile" title="Xerophile">Xerophile</a></li></ul>
|
|||
|
|
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;">Notable<br>extremophiles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroflexus_aurantiacus" title="Chloroflexus aurantiacus">Chloroflexus aurantiacus</a></i></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans" title="Deinococcus radiodurans">Deinococcus radiodurans</a></i></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinococcota" title="Deinococcota">Deinococcota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snottite" title="Snottite">Snottite</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermus_aquaticus" title="Thermus aquaticus">Thermus aquaticus</a></i></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermus_thermophilus" title="Thermus thermophilus">Thermus thermophilus</a></i></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirochaeta_americana" title="Spirochaeta americana">Spirochaeta americana</a></i></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GFAJ-1" title="GFAJ-1">GFAJ-1</a></li></ul>
|
|||
|
|
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrococcus_furiosus" title="Pyrococcus furiosus">Pyrococcus furiosus</a></i></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_121" title="Strain 121">Strain 121</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolobus_fumarii" title="Pyrolobus fumarii">Pyrolobus fumarii</a></i></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermococcus_gammatolerans" title="Thermococcus gammatolerans">Thermococcus gammatolerans</a></i></li></ul>
|
|||
|
|
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanidioschyzon_merolae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanidioschyzon merolae">Cyanidioschyzon merolae</a></i></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galdieria_sulphuraria" title="Galdieria sulphuraria">Galdieria sulphuraria</a></i></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralvinella_sulfincola" title="Paralvinella sulfincola">Paralvinella sulfincola</a></i></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halicephalobus_mephisto" title="Halicephalobus mephisto">Halicephalobus mephisto</a></i></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvinella_pompejana" title="Alvinella pompejana">Pompeii worm</a></li></ul>
|
|||
|
|
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiogenic_petroleum_origin" title="Abiogenic petroleum origin">Abiogenic petroleum origin</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidithiobacillales" title="Acidithiobacillales">Acidithiobacillales</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidobacteriota" title="Acidobacteriota">Acidobacteriota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidophiles_in_acid_mine_drainage" title="Acidophiles in acid mine drainage">Acidophiles in acid mine drainage</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeoglobaceae" title="Archaeoglobaceae">Archaeoglobaceae</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Pit" title="Berkeley Pit">Berkeley Pit</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Falls" title="Blood Falls">Blood Falls</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoproteota" title="Thermoproteota">Thermoproteota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grylloblattidae" title="Grylloblattidae">Grylloblattidae</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Halobacteria">Halobacteria</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halobacterium" title="Halobacterium">Halobacterium</a></i></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helaeomyia_petrolei" title="Helaeomyia petrolei">Helaeomyia petrolei</a></i></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanopyrus" title="Methanopyrus">Methanopyrus</a></i></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movile_Cave" title="Movile Cave">Movile Cave</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotrophic_fungus" title="Radiotrophic fungus">Radiotrophic fungus</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(river)" title="Rio Tinto (river)">Rio Tinto</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tardigrada</a></i></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taq_polymerase" title="Taq polymerase"><i>Taq</i> polymerase</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostability" title="Thermostability">Thermostability</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermotogota" title="Thermotogota">Thermotogota</a></li></ul>
|
|||
|
|
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_life_phyla/divisions_by_domain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><button type="button" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0"><span class="mw-collapsible-text">show</span></button><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Life_on_Earth" title="Template:Life on Earth"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Life_on_Earth" title="Template talk:Life on Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Life_on_Earth&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_life_phyla/divisions_by_domain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> phyla/divisions by domain</div></th></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bacteria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidobacteriota" title="Acidobacteriota">Acidobacteriota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinomycetota" title="Actinomycetota">Actinomycetota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquificota" title="Aquificota">Aquificota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armatimonadota" title="Armatimonadota">Armatimonadota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atribacterota" title="Atribacterota">Atribacterota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillota" title="Bacillota">Bacillota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidota" title="Bacteroidota">Bacteroidota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balneolota" class="mw-redirect" title="Balneolota">Balneolota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bdellovibrionota" title="Bdellovibrionota">Bdellovibrionota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldisericota" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldisericota">Caldisericota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calditrichota" class="mw-redirect" title="Calditrichota">Calditrichota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacterota" title="Campylobacterota">Campylobacterota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydiota" title="Chlamydiota">Chlamydiota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_sulfur_bacteria" title="Green sulfur bacteria">Chlorobiota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroflexota" title="Chloroflexota">Chloroflexota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysiogenota" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysiogenota">Chrysiogenota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprothermobacterota" title="Coprothermobacterota">Coprothermobacterota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a>"</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deferribacteraceae" title="Deferribacteraceae">Deferribacterota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinococcota" title="Deinococcota">Deinococcota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictyoglomus_thermophilum" title="Dictyoglomus thermophilum">Dictyoglomota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elusimicrobiota" title="Elusimicrobiota">Elusimicrobiota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrobacterota" title="Fibrobacterota">Fibrobacterota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusobacteriota" title="Fusobacteriota">Fusobacteriota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemmatimonadota" title="Gemmatimonadota">Gemmatimonadota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignavibacteriota" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignavibacteriota">Ignavibacteriota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiritimatiellota" title="Kiritimatiellota">Kiritimatiellota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentisphaerota" title="Lentisphaerota">Lentisphaerota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasmatota" title="Mycoplasmatota">Mycoplasmatota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxococcota" title="Myxococcota">Myxococcota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrospinota" title="Nitrospinota">Nitrospinota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrospirota" title="Nitrospirota">Nitrospirota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planctomycetota" title="Planctomycetota">Planctomycetota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonadota" title="Pseudomonadota">Pseudomonadota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodothermota" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodothermota">Rhodothermota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirochaetota" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochaetota">Spirochaetota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergistota" title="Synergistota">Synergistota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodesulfobacteriota" title="Thermodesulfobacteriota">Thermodesulfobacteriota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermomicrobiota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermomicrobiota">Thermomicrobiota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermotogota" title="Thermotogota">Thermotogota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrucomicrobiota" title="Verrucomicrobiota">Verrucomicrobiota</a></li></ul>
|
|||
|
|
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Archaea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li>"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euryarchaeota" title="Euryarchaeota">Euryarchaeota</a>"</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korarchaeota" title="Korarchaeota">Korarchaeota</a>"</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoarchaeota" title="Nanoarchaeota">Nanoarchaeota</a>"</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrososphaerota" title="Nitrososphaerota">Nitrososphaerota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoproteota" title="Thermoproteota">Thermoproteota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeal_Richmond_Mine_acidophilic_nanoorganisms" title="Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms">Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms</a></li></ul>
|
|||
|
|
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryote</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protist</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancyromonadida" title="Ancyromonadida">Ancyromonadida</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apusomonadida" title="Apusomonadida">Apusomonadida</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breviatea" title="Breviatea">Breviatea</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRuMs" title="CRuMs">CRuMs</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptista" title="Cryptista">Cryptista</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciliophora">Ciliophora</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercozoa" title="Cercozoa">Cercozoa</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Discoba">Discoba</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euglenozoa" title="Euglenozoa">Euglenozoa</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobea" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakobea">Jakobea</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptista" title="Haptista">Haptista</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemimastigophora" title="Hemimastigophora">Hemimastigophora</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawimonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawimonada">Malawimonada</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamonada">Metamonada</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provora" title="Provora">Provora</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stramenopiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Stramenopiles">Stramenopiles</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telonemia" title="Telonemia">Telonemia</a></li></ul>
|
|||
|
|
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chytridiomycota" title="Chytridiomycota">Chytridiomycota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocladiomycota" title="Blastocladiomycota">Blastocladiomycota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocallimastigomycota" title="Neocallimastigomycota">Neocallimastigomycota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomeromycota" title="Glomeromycota">Glomeromycota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomycota" title="Zygomycota">Zygomycota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></li></ul>
|
|||
|
|
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucophyta">Glaucophyta</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charophyta" title="Charophyta">Charophyta</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthocerotophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthocerotophyta">Anthocerotophyta</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Moss</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycopodiophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopodiophyta">Lycopodiophyta</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteridophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteridophyta">Pteridophyta</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycadophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycadophyta">Cycadophyta</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginkgophyta">Ginkgophyta</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">Pinophyta</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetophyta</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Flowering plant</a></li></ul>
|
|||
|
|
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">Sponge</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordate</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordate</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderm</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha">Chaetognatha</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loricifera" title="Loricifera">Loricifera</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">Priapulida</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">Nematoda</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tardigrada</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">Flatworm</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrotricha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrotricha">Gastrotricha</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthonectida" title="Orthonectida">Orthonectida</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicyemida" title="Dicyemida">Dicyemida</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotifera">Rotifera</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomulida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathostomulida">Gnathostomulida</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrognathozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrognathozoa">Micrognathozoa</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycliophora">Cycliophora</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea">Nemertea</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoronid" title="Phoronid">Phoronid</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entoprocta" title="Entoprocta">Entoprocta</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachiopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachiopoda">Brachiopoda</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">Annelida</a></li></ul>
|
|||
|
|
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parakaryon_myojinensis" title="Parakaryon myojinensis">Parakaryon</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Taxon_identifiers" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
|||
|
|
<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5194" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q5194">Q5194</a></span></span></span></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Tardigrada">Tardigrada</a></span></span></span></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tardigrada/">Tardigrada</a></span></span></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Tardigrada">Tardigrada</a></span></span></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id14953">14953</a></span></span></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=26033">26033</a></span></span></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/3204">3204</a></span></span></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:12674">12674</a></span></span></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/8c150ca8-bdea-4a13-b407-1d8f87842525">8c150ca8-bdea-4a13-b407-1d8f87842525</a></span></span></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossilworks" title="Fossilworks">Fossilworks</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=272408">272408</a></span></span></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/14">14</a></span></span></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/124337">124337</a></span></span></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=204">204</a></span></span></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=155166">155166</a></span></span></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=42241">42241</a></span></span></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/29477c0f-12f9-443a-9589-1127f5f4bbda">29477c0f-12f9-443a-9589-1127f5f4bbda</a></span></span></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">uBio: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=230453">230453</a></span></span></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1276">1276</a></span></span></li></ul>
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<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5194#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg_002.webp" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg_003.webp 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
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<ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tardígrados"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX531312">Spain</a></span></span></li>
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<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tardigrades"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122470458">France</a></span></span></li>
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<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tardigrades"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122470458">BnF data</a></span></span></li>
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<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4143904-1">Germany</a></span></li>
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<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560956005171">Israel</a></span></li>
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<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85132477">United States</a></span></li>
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<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564919">Japan</a></span></li>
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<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="želvušky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph448247&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul>
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