sij/khoj
1
0
Fork 0
mirror of https://github.com/khoj-ai/khoj.git synced 2024-11-27 17:35:07 +01:00
Code Issues Projects Releases Packages Wiki Activity Actions
khoj/tests/data/plaintext/wikipedia_tardigrades.html
sabaimran b45e1d8c0d
Fix plaintext HTML parsing and rendering (#464) 
* Store conversation command options in an Enum
* Move to slash commands instead of using @ to specify general commands
* Calculate conversation command once & pass it as arg to child funcs
* Add /notes command to respond using only knowledge base as context
This prevents the chat model to try respond using it's general world
knowledge only without any references pulled from the indexed
knowledge base
* Test general and notes slash commands in openai chat director tests
---------

Co-authored-by: Debanjum Singh Solanky <debanjum@gmail.com>
2023-08-27 11:24:30 -07:00

1984 lines
555 KiB
HTML
Vendored
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html class="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-enabled vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-zebra-design-disabled vector-animations-ready ve-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"><head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Tardigrade - Wikipedia</title>
<script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-enabled vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-zebra-design-disabled";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],
"wgRequestId":"3277ee1b-fcc1-45ee-8082-68bd9d88d7bb","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Tardigrade","wgTitle":"Tardigrade","wgCurRevisionId":1172171143,"wgRevisionId":1172171143,"wgArticleId":19817681,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 errors: missing periodical","CS1 maint: others","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from July 2020","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles to be merged from June 2023","All articles to be merged","Articles with 'species' microformats","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2023","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2019",
"Commons category link is on Wikidata","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with BNE identifiers","Articles with BNF identifiers","Articles with BNFdata identifiers","Articles with GND identifiers","Articles with J9U identifiers","Articles with LCCN identifiers","Articles with NDL identifiers","Articles with NKC identifiers","Tardigrades","Extant Cambrian first appearances","Polyextremophiles","Psychrophiles","Radiodurants","Space-flown life","Thermophiles","Xerophiles","Tactopoda"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Tardigrade","wgRelevantArticleId":19817681,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,
"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":10,"wgULSCurrentAutonym":"English","wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5194","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["architecture","bitness","brands","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"skins.vector.user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","skins.vector.user":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready",
"ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","codex-search-styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.extra-toolbar-buttons","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.head","mmv.bootstrap.autostart","ext.popups","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.uls.compactlinks","ext.uls.interface",
"ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script>
<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"});}];});});</script>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/load_002.css">
<script async="" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/load.js"></script>
<style>
.oo-ui-icon-add,.mw-ui-icon-add:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E add %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M11 9V4H9v5H4v2h5v5h2v-5h5V9z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-add,.mw-ui-icon-add-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E add %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M11 9V4H9v5H4v2h5v5h2v-5h5V9z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-add,.mw-ui-icon-add-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E add %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M11 9V4H9v5H4v2h5v5h2v-5h5V9z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-browser,.mw-ui-icon-browser:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E browser %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M2 2a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v12a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h16a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V4a2 2 0 0 0-2-2zm2 1.5A1.5 1.5 0 1 1 2.5 5 1.5 1.5 0 0 1 4 3.5zM18 16H2V8h16z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-browser,.mw-ui-icon-browser-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E browser %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M2 2a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v12a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h16a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V4a2 2 0 0 0-2-2zm2 1.5A1.5 1.5 0 1 1 2.5 5 1.5 1.5 0 0 1 4 3.5zM18 16H2V8h16z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-browser,.mw-ui-icon-browser-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E browser %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M2 2a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v12a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h16a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V4a2 2 0 0 0-2-2zm2 1.5A1.5 1.5 0 1 1 2.5 5 1.5 1.5 0 0 1 4 3.5zM18 16H2V8h16z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-cancel,.mw-ui-icon-cancel:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E cancel %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 0a10 10 0 1 0 10 10A10 10 0 0 0 10 0zM2 10a8 8 0 0 1 1.69-4.9L14.9 16.31A8 8 0 0 1 2 10zm14.31 4.9L5.1 3.69A8 8 0 0 1 16.31 14.9z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-cancel,.mw-ui-icon-cancel-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E cancel %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 0a10 10 0 1 0 10 10A10 10 0 0 0 10 0zM2 10a8 8 0 0 1 1.69-4.9L14.9 16.31A8 8 0 0 1 2 10zm14.31 4.9L5.1 3.69A8 8 0 0 1 16.31 14.9z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-cancel,.mw-ui-icon-cancel-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E cancel %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 0a10 10 0 1 0 10 10A10 10 0 0 0 10 0zM2 10a8 8 0 0 1 1.69-4.9L14.9 16.31A8 8 0 0 1 2 10zm14.31 4.9L5.1 3.69A8 8 0 0 1 16.31 14.9z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-destructive.oo-ui-icon-cancel,.mw-ui-icon-cancel-destructive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E cancel %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23d33%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 0a10 10 0 1 0 10 10A10 10 0 0 0 10 0zM2 10a8 8 0 0 1 1.69-4.9L14.9 16.31A8 8 0 0 1 2 10zm14.31 4.9L5.1 3.69A8 8 0 0 1 16.31 14.9z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-check,.mw-ui-icon-check:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E check %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M7 14.2 2.8 10l-1.4 1.4L7 17 19 5l-1.4-1.4z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-check,.mw-ui-icon-check-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E check %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M7 14.2 2.8 10l-1.4 1.4L7 17 19 5l-1.4-1.4z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-check,.mw-ui-icon-check-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E check %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M7 14.2 2.8 10l-1.4 1.4L7 17 19 5l-1.4-1.4z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-destructive.oo-ui-icon-check,.mw-ui-icon-check-destructive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E check %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23d33%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M7 14.2 2.8 10l-1.4 1.4L7 17 19 5l-1.4-1.4z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-success.oo-ui-icon-check,.mw-ui-icon-check-success:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E check %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2314866d%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M7 14.2 2.8 10l-1.4 1.4L7 17 19 5l-1.4-1.4z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-checkAll,.mw-ui-icon-checkAll:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E check all %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22m.29 12.71 1.42-1.42 2.22 2.22 8.3-10.14 1.54 1.26-9.7 11.86zM12 10h5v2h-5zm-3 4h5v2H9zm6-8h5v2h-5z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-checkAll,.mw-ui-icon-checkAll-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E check all %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22m.29 12.71 1.42-1.42 2.22 2.22 8.3-10.14 1.54 1.26-9.7 11.86zM12 10h5v2h-5zm-3 4h5v2H9zm6-8h5v2h-5z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-checkAll,.mw-ui-icon-checkAll-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E check all %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22m.29 12.71 1.42-1.42 2.22 2.22 8.3-10.14 1.54 1.26-9.7 11.86zM12 10h5v2h-5zm-3 4h5v2H9zm6-8h5v2h-5z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-clear,.mw-ui-icon-clear:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E clear %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 0a10 10 0 1 0 10 10A10 10 0 0 0 10 0zm5.66 14.24-1.41 1.41L10 11.41l-4.24 4.25-1.42-1.42L8.59 10 4.34 5.76l1.42-1.42L10 8.59l4.24-4.24 1.41 1.41L11.41 10z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-clear,.mw-ui-icon-clear-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E clear %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 0a10 10 0 1 0 10 10A10 10 0 0 0 10 0zm5.66 14.24-1.41 1.41L10 11.41l-4.24 4.25-1.42-1.42L8.59 10 4.34 5.76l1.42-1.42L10 8.59l4.24-4.24 1.41 1.41L11.41 10z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-clear,.mw-ui-icon-clear-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E clear %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 0a10 10 0 1 0 10 10A10 10 0 0 0 10 0zm5.66 14.24-1.41 1.41L10 11.41l-4.24 4.25-1.42-1.42L8.59 10 4.34 5.76l1.42-1.42L10 8.59l4.24-4.24 1.41 1.41L11.41 10z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-clock,.mw-ui-icon-clock:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E clock %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 0a10 10 0 1 0 10 10A10 10 0 0 0 10 0zm2.5 14.5L9 11V4h2v6l3 3z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-clock,.mw-ui-icon-clock-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E clock %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 0a10 10 0 1 0 10 10A10 10 0 0 0 10 0zm2.5 14.5L9 11V4h2v6l3 3z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-clock,.mw-ui-icon-clock-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E clock %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 0a10 10 0 1 0 10 10A10 10 0 0 0 10 0zm2.5 14.5L9 11V4h2v6l3 3z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-close,.mw-ui-icon-close:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E close %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22m4.3 2.9 12.8 12.8-1.4 1.4L2.9 4.3z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M17.1 4.3 4.3 17.1l-1.4-1.4L15.7 2.9z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-close,.mw-ui-icon-close-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E close %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22m4.3 2.9 12.8 12.8-1.4 1.4L2.9 4.3z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M17.1 4.3 4.3 17.1l-1.4-1.4L15.7 2.9z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-close,.mw-ui-icon-close-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E close %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22m4.3 2.9 12.8 12.8-1.4 1.4L2.9 4.3z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M17.1 4.3 4.3 17.1l-1.4-1.4L15.7 2.9z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-ellipsis,.mw-ui-icon-ellipsis:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E ellipsis %3C/title%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2210%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3Ccircle cx=%223%22 cy=%2210%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2217%22 cy=%2210%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-ellipsis,.mw-ui-icon-ellipsis-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E ellipsis %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2210%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3Ccircle cx=%223%22 cy=%2210%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2217%22 cy=%2210%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-ellipsis,.mw-ui-icon-ellipsis-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E ellipsis %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2210%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3Ccircle cx=%223%22 cy=%2210%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2217%22 cy=%2210%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-feedback,.mw-ui-icon-feedback:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E feedback %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M19 16 2 12a3.83 3.83 0 0 1-1-2.5A3.83 3.83 0 0 1 2 7l17-4z%22/%3E%3Crect width=%224%22 height=%228%22 x=%224%22 y=%229%22 rx=%222%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-feedback,.mw-ui-icon-feedback-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E feedback %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M19 16 2 12a3.83 3.83 0 0 1-1-2.5A3.83 3.83 0 0 1 2 7l17-4z%22/%3E%3Crect width=%224%22 height=%228%22 x=%224%22 y=%229%22 rx=%222%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-feedback,.mw-ui-icon-feedback-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E feedback %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M19 16 2 12a3.83 3.83 0 0 1-1-2.5A3.83 3.83 0 0 1 2 7l17-4z%22/%3E%3Crect width=%224%22 height=%228%22 x=%224%22 y=%229%22 rx=%222%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-funnel,.mw-ui-icon-funnel:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E funnel %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 13 1 1h18z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M8 9v8l4 2V9z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-funnel,.mw-ui-icon-funnel-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E funnel %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 13 1 1h18z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M8 9v8l4 2V9z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-funnel,.mw-ui-icon-funnel-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E funnel %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 13 1 1h18z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M8 9v8l4 2V9z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-destructive.oo-ui-icon-funnel,.mw-ui-icon-funnel-destructive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E funnel %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23d33%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 13 1 1h18z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M8 9v8l4 2V9z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-hand,.mw-ui-icon-hand:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E hand %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M18 4.6V17c0 1.9-.5 3-2.4 3H9.5c-.9 0-1.8-.4-2.4-1l-4.6-5-.5-1c0-1 .5-1 .5-1 .3 0 .6 0 1 .2L7 14V3.3C7 2.6 7.3 2 8 2c.6 0 1 .7 1 1.4V9h1V1.2c0-.6.3-1.2 1-1.2s1 .6 1 1.3V9h1V2c0-.7.3-1.3 1-1.3s1 .6 1 1.3v7h1V4.6c0-.7.3-1.3 1-1.3s1 .6 1 1.3z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-hand,.mw-ui-icon-hand-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E hand %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M18 4.6V17c0 1.9-.5 3-2.4 3H9.5c-.9 0-1.8-.4-2.4-1l-4.6-5-.5-1c0-1 .5-1 .5-1 .3 0 .6 0 1 .2L7 14V3.3C7 2.6 7.3 2 8 2c.6 0 1 .7 1 1.4V9h1V1.2c0-.6.3-1.2 1-1.2s1 .6 1 1.3V9h1V2c0-.7.3-1.3 1-1.3s1 .6 1 1.3v7h1V4.6c0-.7.3-1.3 1-1.3s1 .6 1 1.3z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-hand,.mw-ui-icon-hand-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E hand %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M18 4.6V17c0 1.9-.5 3-2.4 3H9.5c-.9 0-1.8-.4-2.4-1l-4.6-5-.5-1c0-1 .5-1 .5-1 .3 0 .6 0 1 .2L7 14V3.3C7 2.6 7.3 2 8 2c.6 0 1 .7 1 1.4V9h1V1.2c0-.6.3-1.2 1-1.2s1 .6 1 1.3V9h1V2c0-.7.3-1.3 1-1.3s1 .6 1 1.3v7h1V4.6c0-.7.3-1.3 1-1.3s1 .6 1 1.3z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-destructive.oo-ui-icon-hand,.mw-ui-icon-hand-destructive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E hand %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23d33%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M18 4.6V17c0 1.9-.5 3-2.4 3H9.5c-.9 0-1.8-.4-2.4-1l-4.6-5-.5-1c0-1 .5-1 .5-1 .3 0 .6 0 1 .2L7 14V3.3C7 2.6 7.3 2 8 2c.6 0 1 .7 1 1.4V9h1V1.2c0-.6.3-1.2 1-1.2s1 .6 1 1.3V9h1V2c0-.7.3-1.3 1-1.3s1 .6 1 1.3v7h1V4.6c0-.7.3-1.3 1-1.3s1 .6 1 1.3z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-heart,.mw-ui-icon-heart:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E heart %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M14.75 1A5.24 5.24 0 0 0 10 4 5.24 5.24 0 0 0 0 6.25C0 11.75 10 19 10 19s10-7.25 10-12.75A5.25 5.25 0 0 0 14.75 1z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-heart,.mw-ui-icon-heart-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E heart %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M14.75 1A5.24 5.24 0 0 0 10 4 5.24 5.24 0 0 0 0 6.25C0 11.75 10 19 10 19s10-7.25 10-12.75A5.25 5.25 0 0 0 14.75 1z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-heart,.mw-ui-icon-heart-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E heart %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M14.75 1A5.24 5.24 0 0 0 10 4 5.24 5.24 0 0 0 0 6.25C0 11.75 10 19 10 19s10-7.25 10-12.75A5.25 5.25 0 0 0 14.75 1z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-help,.mw-ui-icon-help:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E help %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10.06 1C13 1 15 2.89 15 5.53a4.59 4.59 0 0 1-2.29 4.08c-1.42.92-1.82 1.53-1.82 2.71V13H8.38v-.81a3.84 3.84 0 0 1 2-3.84c1.34-.9 1.79-1.53 1.79-2.71a2.1 2.1 0 0 0-2.08-2.14h-.17a2.3 2.3 0 0 0-2.38 2.22v.17H5A4.71 4.71 0 0 1 9.51 1a5 5 0 0 1 .55 0z%22/%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2217%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-help,.mw-ui-icon-help-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E help %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10.06 1C13 1 15 2.89 15 5.53a4.59 4.59 0 0 1-2.29 4.08c-1.42.92-1.82 1.53-1.82 2.71V13H8.38v-.81a3.84 3.84 0 0 1 2-3.84c1.34-.9 1.79-1.53 1.79-2.71a2.1 2.1 0 0 0-2.08-2.14h-.17a2.3 2.3 0 0 0-2.38 2.22v.17H5A4.71 4.71 0 0 1 9.51 1a5 5 0 0 1 .55 0z%22/%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2217%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-help,.mw-ui-icon-help-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E help %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10.06 1C13 1 15 2.89 15 5.53a4.59 4.59 0 0 1-2.29 4.08c-1.42.92-1.82 1.53-1.82 2.71V13H8.38v-.81a3.84 3.84 0 0 1 2-3.84c1.34-.9 1.79-1.53 1.79-2.71a2.1 2.1 0 0 0-2.08-2.14h-.17a2.3 2.3 0 0 0-2.38 2.22v.17H5A4.71 4.71 0 0 1 9.51 1a5 5 0 0 1 .55 0z%22/%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2217%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-helpNotice,.mw-ui-icon-helpNotice:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E help %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 0a10 10 0 1 0 10 10A10 10 0 0 0 10 0zm1 16H9v-2h2zm2.71-7.6a2.64 2.64 0 0 1-.33.74 3.16 3.16 0 0 1-.48.55l-.54.48c-.21.18-.41.35-.58.52a2.54 2.54 0 0 0-.47.56A2.3 2.3 0 0 0 11 12a3.79 3.79 0 0 0-.11 1H9.08a8.9 8.9 0 0 1 .07-1.25 3.28 3.28 0 0 1 .25-.9 2.79 2.79 0 0 1 .41-.67 4 4 0 0 1 .58-.58c.17-.16.34-.3.51-.44a3 3 0 0 0 .43-.44 1.83 1.83 0 0 0 .3-.55 2 2 0 0 0 .11-.72 2.06 2.06 0 0 0-.17-.86 1.71 1.71 0 0 0-1-.9 1.7 1.7 0 0 0-.5-.1 1.77 1.77 0 0 0-1.53.68 3 3 0 0 0-.5 1.82H6.16a4.74 4.74 0 0 1 .28-1.68 3.56 3.56 0 0 1 .8-1.29 3.88 3.88 0 0 1 1.28-.83A4.59 4.59 0 0 1 10.18 4a4.44 4.44 0 0 1 1.44.23 3.51 3.51 0 0 1 1.15.65 3.08 3.08 0 0 1 .78 1.06 3.54 3.54 0 0 1 .29 1.45 3.39 3.39 0 0 1-.13 1.01z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-helpNotice,.mw-ui-icon-helpNotice-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E help %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 0a10 10 0 1 0 10 10A10 10 0 0 0 10 0zm1 16H9v-2h2zm2.71-7.6a2.64 2.64 0 0 1-.33.74 3.16 3.16 0 0 1-.48.55l-.54.48c-.21.18-.41.35-.58.52a2.54 2.54 0 0 0-.47.56A2.3 2.3 0 0 0 11 12a3.79 3.79 0 0 0-.11 1H9.08a8.9 8.9 0 0 1 .07-1.25 3.28 3.28 0 0 1 .25-.9 2.79 2.79 0 0 1 .41-.67 4 4 0 0 1 .58-.58c.17-.16.34-.3.51-.44a3 3 0 0 0 .43-.44 1.83 1.83 0 0 0 .3-.55 2 2 0 0 0 .11-.72 2.06 2.06 0 0 0-.17-.86 1.71 1.71 0 0 0-1-.9 1.7 1.7 0 0 0-.5-.1 1.77 1.77 0 0 0-1.53.68 3 3 0 0 0-.5 1.82H6.16a4.74 4.74 0 0 1 .28-1.68 3.56 3.56 0 0 1 .8-1.29 3.88 3.88 0 0 1 1.28-.83A4.59 4.59 0 0 1 10.18 4a4.44 4.44 0 0 1 1.44.23 3.51 3.51 0 0 1 1.15.65 3.08 3.08 0 0 1 .78 1.06 3.54 3.54 0 0 1 .29 1.45 3.39 3.39 0 0 1-.13 1.01z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-helpNotice,.mw-ui-icon-helpNotice-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E help %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 0a10 10 0 1 0 10 10A10 10 0 0 0 10 0zm1 16H9v-2h2zm2.71-7.6a2.64 2.64 0 0 1-.33.74 3.16 3.16 0 0 1-.48.55l-.54.48c-.21.18-.41.35-.58.52a2.54 2.54 0 0 0-.47.56A2.3 2.3 0 0 0 11 12a3.79 3.79 0 0 0-.11 1H9.08a8.9 8.9 0 0 1 .07-1.25 3.28 3.28 0 0 1 .25-.9 2.79 2.79 0 0 1 .41-.67 4 4 0 0 1 .58-.58c.17-.16.34-.3.51-.44a3 3 0 0 0 .43-.44 1.83 1.83 0 0 0 .3-.55 2 2 0 0 0 .11-.72 2.06 2.06 0 0 0-.17-.86 1.71 1.71 0 0 0-1-.9 1.7 1.7 0 0 0-.5-.1 1.77 1.77 0 0 0-1.53.68 3 3 0 0 0-.5 1.82H6.16a4.74 4.74 0 0 1 .28-1.68 3.56 3.56 0 0 1 .8-1.29 3.88 3.88 0 0 1 1.28-.83A4.59 4.59 0 0 1 10.18 4a4.44 4.44 0 0 1 1.44.23 3.51 3.51 0 0 1 1.15.65 3.08 3.08 0 0 1 .78 1.06 3.54 3.54 0 0 1 .29 1.45 3.39 3.39 0 0 1-.13 1.01z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-home,.mw-ui-icon-home:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E home %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 1 0 10h3v9h4v-4.6c0-1.47 1.31-2.66 3-2.66s3 1.19 3 2.66V19h4v-9h3L10 1z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-home,.mw-ui-icon-home-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E home %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 1 0 10h3v9h4v-4.6c0-1.47 1.31-2.66 3-2.66s3 1.19 3 2.66V19h4v-9h3L10 1z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-home,.mw-ui-icon-home-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E home %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 1 0 10h3v9h4v-4.6c0-1.47 1.31-2.66 3-2.66s3 1.19 3 2.66V19h4v-9h3L10 1z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-key,.mw-ui-icon-key:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E key %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M15 6a1.54 1.54 0 0 1-1.5-1.5 1.5 1.5 0 0 1 3 0A1.54 1.54 0 0 1 15 6zm-1.5-5A5.55 5.55 0 0 0 8 6.5a6.81 6.81 0 0 0 .7 2.8L1 17v2h4v-2h2v-2h2l3.2-3.2a5.85 5.85 0 0 0 1.3.2A5.55 5.55 0 0 0 19 6.5 5.55 5.55 0 0 0 13.5 1z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-key,.mw-ui-icon-key-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E key %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M15 6a1.54 1.54 0 0 1-1.5-1.5 1.5 1.5 0 0 1 3 0A1.54 1.54 0 0 1 15 6zm-1.5-5A5.55 5.55 0 0 0 8 6.5a6.81 6.81 0 0 0 .7 2.8L1 17v2h4v-2h2v-2h2l3.2-3.2a5.85 5.85 0 0 0 1.3.2A5.55 5.55 0 0 0 19 6.5 5.55 5.55 0 0 0 13.5 1z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-key,.mw-ui-icon-key-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E key %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M15 6a1.54 1.54 0 0 1-1.5-1.5 1.5 1.5 0 0 1 3 0A1.54 1.54 0 0 1 15 6zm-1.5-5A5.55 5.55 0 0 0 8 6.5a6.81 6.81 0 0 0 .7 2.8L1 17v2h4v-2h2v-2h2l3.2-3.2a5.85 5.85 0 0 0 1.3.2A5.55 5.55 0 0 0 19 6.5 5.55 5.55 0 0 0 13.5 1z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-keyboard,.mw-ui-icon-keyboard:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E keyboard %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M0 15a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h16a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V5a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H2a2 2 0 0 0-2 2zm9-9h2v2H9zm0 3h2v2H9zM6 6h2v2H6zm0 3h2v2H6zm-1 5H3v-2h2zm0-3H3V9h2zm0-3H3V6h2zm9 6H6v-2h8zm0-3h-2V9h2zm0-3h-2V6h2zm3 6h-2v-2h2zm0-3h-2V9h2zm0-3h-2V6h2z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-keyboard,.mw-ui-icon-keyboard-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E keyboard %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M0 15a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h16a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V5a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H2a2 2 0 0 0-2 2zm9-9h2v2H9zm0 3h2v2H9zM6 6h2v2H6zm0 3h2v2H6zm-1 5H3v-2h2zm0-3H3V9h2zm0-3H3V6h2zm9 6H6v-2h8zm0-3h-2V9h2zm0-3h-2V6h2zm3 6h-2v-2h2zm0-3h-2V9h2zm0-3h-2V6h2z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-keyboard,.mw-ui-icon-keyboard-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E keyboard %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M0 15a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h16a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V5a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H2a2 2 0 0 0-2 2zm9-9h2v2H9zm0 3h2v2H9zM6 6h2v2H6zm0 3h2v2H6zm-1 5H3v-2h2zm0-3H3V9h2zm0-3H3V6h2zm9 6H6v-2h8zm0-3h-2V9h2zm0-3h-2V6h2zm3 6h-2v-2h2zm0-3h-2V9h2zm0-3h-2V6h2z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-lightbulb,.mw-ui-icon-lightbulb:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E lightbulb %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M8 19a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h2a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-1H8zm9-12a7 7 0 1 0-12 4.9S7 14 7 15v1a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h4a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-1c0-1 2-3.1 2-3.1A7 7 0 0 0 17 7z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-lightbulb,.mw-ui-icon-lightbulb-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E lightbulb %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M8 19a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h2a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-1H8zm9-12a7 7 0 1 0-12 4.9S7 14 7 15v1a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h4a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-1c0-1 2-3.1 2-3.1A7 7 0 0 0 17 7z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-lightbulb,.mw-ui-icon-lightbulb-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E lightbulb %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M8 19a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h2a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-1H8zm9-12a7 7 0 1 0-12 4.9S7 14 7 15v1a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h4a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-1c0-1 2-3.1 2-3.1A7 7 0 0 0 17 7z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-logIn,.mw-ui-icon-logIn:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E log in %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M1 11v6c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V3c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2H3c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v6h8V5l4.75 5L9 15v-4H1z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-logIn,.mw-ui-icon-logIn-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E log in %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M1 11v6c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V3c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2H3c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v6h8V5l4.75 5L9 15v-4H1z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-logIn,.mw-ui-icon-logIn-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E log in %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M1 11v6c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V3c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2H3c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v6h8V5l4.75 5L9 15v-4H1z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-logOut,.mw-ui-icon-logOut:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E log out %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M3 3h8V1H3a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h8v-2H3z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M13 5v4H5v2h8v4l6-5z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-logOut,.mw-ui-icon-logOut-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E log out %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M3 3h8V1H3a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h8v-2H3z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M13 5v4H5v2h8v4l6-5z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-logOut,.mw-ui-icon-logOut-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E log out %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M3 3h8V1H3a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h8v-2H3z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M13 5v4H5v2h8v4l6-5z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-network,.mw-ui-icon-network:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E network %3C/title%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2215%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M1 7.4a12 13 0 0 1 18 0l-1.5 1.4a10 11.1 0 0 0-15 0zm3.7 3.2a7 7.3 0 0 1 10.7 0L14 12a5 5.3 0 0 0-7.8 0z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-network,.mw-ui-icon-network-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E network %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2215%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M1 7.4a12 13 0 0 1 18 0l-1.5 1.4a10 11.1 0 0 0-15 0zm3.7 3.2a7 7.3 0 0 1 10.7 0L14 12a5 5.3 0 0 0-7.8 0z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-network,.mw-ui-icon-network-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E network %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2215%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M1 7.4a12 13 0 0 1 18 0l-1.5 1.4a10 11.1 0 0 0-15 0zm3.7 3.2a7 7.3 0 0 1 10.7 0L14 12a5 5.3 0 0 0-7.8 0z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-networkOff,.mw-ui-icon-networkOff:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E network off %3C/title%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2216%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M16.4 11.6A7.1 7.1 0 0 0 12 9.1l3.4 3.4zM19 8.4A12.2 14 0 0 0 8.2 4.2L10 6a9.9 9.9 0 0 1 7.4 3.7zM3.5 2 2 3.4l2.2 2.2A13.1 13.1 0 0 0 1 8.4l1.5 1.3a10.7 10.7 0 0 1 3.2-2.6L8 9.3a7.3 7.3 0 0 0-3.3 2.3L6.1 13a5.2 5.2 0 0 1 3.6-2l6.8 7 1.5-1.5z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-networkOff,.mw-ui-icon-networkOff-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E network off %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2216%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M16.4 11.6A7.1 7.1 0 0 0 12 9.1l3.4 3.4zM19 8.4A12.2 14 0 0 0 8.2 4.2L10 6a9.9 9.9 0 0 1 7.4 3.7zM3.5 2 2 3.4l2.2 2.2A13.1 13.1 0 0 0 1 8.4l1.5 1.3a10.7 10.7 0 0 1 3.2-2.6L8 9.3a7.3 7.3 0 0 0-3.3 2.3L6.1 13a5.2 5.2 0 0 1 3.6-2l6.8 7 1.5-1.5z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-networkOff,.mw-ui-icon-networkOff-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E network off %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2216%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M16.4 11.6A7.1 7.1 0 0 0 12 9.1l3.4 3.4zM19 8.4A12.2 14 0 0 0 8.2 4.2L10 6a9.9 9.9 0 0 1 7.4 3.7zM3.5 2 2 3.4l2.2 2.2A13.1 13.1 0 0 0 1 8.4l1.5 1.3a10.7 10.7 0 0 1 3.2-2.6L8 9.3a7.3 7.3 0 0 0-3.3 2.3L6.1 13a5.2 5.2 0 0 1 3.6-2l6.8 7 1.5-1.5z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-newWindow,.mw-ui-icon-newWindow:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E new window %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M17 17H3V3h5V1H3a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-5h-2z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22m11 1 3.3 3.3L8.6 10l1.4 1.4 5.7-5.7L19 9V1z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-newWindow,.mw-ui-icon-newWindow-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E new window %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M17 17H3V3h5V1H3a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-5h-2z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22m11 1 3.3 3.3L8.6 10l1.4 1.4 5.7-5.7L19 9V1z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-newWindow,.mw-ui-icon-newWindow-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E new window %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M17 17H3V3h5V1H3a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-5h-2z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22m11 1 3.3 3.3L8.6 10l1.4 1.4 5.7-5.7L19 9V1z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-pageSettings,.mw-ui-icon-pageSettings:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E page settings %3C/title%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2210%22 r=%221.75%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M15 1H5a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h10a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V3a2 2 0 0 0-2-2zm0 9.75-1.37.25a3.73 3.73 0 0 1-.38.93l.82 1.07L13 14.07l-1.12-.82a3.73 3.73 0 0 1-.93.38l-.2 1.37h-1.5L9 13.63a3.73 3.73 0 0 1-.93-.38L7 14.07 5.93 13l.82-1.12a3.73 3.73 0 0 1-.38-.88L5 10.75v-1.5L6.37 9a3.72 3.72 0 0 1 .38-.93L5.93 7 7 5.93l1.12.82A3.73 3.73 0 0 1 9 6.37L9.25 5h1.5L11 6.37a3.74 3.74 0 0 1 .93.38L13 5.93 14.07 7l-.82 1.12a3.73 3.73 0 0 1 .38.93l1.37.2z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-pageSettings,.mw-ui-icon-pageSettings-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E page settings %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2210%22 r=%221.75%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M15 1H5a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h10a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V3a2 2 0 0 0-2-2zm0 9.75-1.37.25a3.73 3.73 0 0 1-.38.93l.82 1.07L13 14.07l-1.12-.82a3.73 3.73 0 0 1-.93.38l-.2 1.37h-1.5L9 13.63a3.73 3.73 0 0 1-.93-.38L7 14.07 5.93 13l.82-1.12a3.73 3.73 0 0 1-.38-.88L5 10.75v-1.5L6.37 9a3.72 3.72 0 0 1 .38-.93L5.93 7 7 5.93l1.12.82A3.73 3.73 0 0 1 9 6.37L9.25 5h1.5L11 6.37a3.74 3.74 0 0 1 .93.38L13 5.93 14.07 7l-.82 1.12a3.73 3.73 0 0 1 .38.93l1.37.2z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-pageSettings,.mw-ui-icon-pageSettings-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E page settings %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2210%22 r=%221.75%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M15 1H5a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h10a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V3a2 2 0 0 0-2-2zm0 9.75-1.37.25a3.73 3.73 0 0 1-.38.93l.82 1.07L13 14.07l-1.12-.82a3.73 3.73 0 0 1-.93.38l-.2 1.37h-1.5L9 13.63a3.73 3.73 0 0 1-.93-.38L7 14.07 5.93 13l.82-1.12a3.73 3.73 0 0 1-.38-.88L5 10.75v-1.5L6.37 9a3.72 3.72 0 0 1 .38-.93L5.93 7 7 5.93l1.12.82A3.73 3.73 0 0 1 9 6.37L9.25 5h1.5L11 6.37a3.74 3.74 0 0 1 .93.38L13 5.93 14.07 7l-.82 1.12a3.73 3.73 0 0 1 .38.93l1.37.2z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-printer,.mw-ui-icon-printer:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E printer %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5 1h10v4H5zM3 6a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v7h4v4h10v-4h4V8a2 2 0 0 0-2-2zm11 12H6v-6h8zm2-8a1 1 0 1 1 1-1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-printer,.mw-ui-icon-printer-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E printer %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5 1h10v4H5zM3 6a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v7h4v4h10v-4h4V8a2 2 0 0 0-2-2zm11 12H6v-6h8zm2-8a1 1 0 1 1 1-1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-printer,.mw-ui-icon-printer-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E printer %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5 1h10v4H5zM3 6a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v7h4v4h10v-4h4V8a2 2 0 0 0-2-2zm11 12H6v-6h8zm2-8a1 1 0 1 1 1-1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-reload,.mw-ui-icon-reload:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E reload %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M15.65 4.35A8 8 0 1 0 17.4 13h-2.22a6 6 0 1 1-1-7.22L11 9h7V2z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-reload,.mw-ui-icon-reload-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E reload %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M15.65 4.35A8 8 0 1 0 17.4 13h-2.22a6 6 0 1 1-1-7.22L11 9h7V2z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-reload,.mw-ui-icon-reload-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E reload %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M15.65 4.35A8 8 0 1 0 17.4 13h-2.22a6 6 0 1 1-1-7.22L11 9h7V2z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-search,.mw-ui-icon-search:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E search %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M12.2 13.6a7 7 0 1 1 1.4-1.4l5.4 5.4-1.4 1.4zM3 8a5 5 0 1 0 10 0A5 5 0 0 0 3 8z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-search,.mw-ui-icon-search-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E search %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M12.2 13.6a7 7 0 1 1 1.4-1.4l5.4 5.4-1.4 1.4zM3 8a5 5 0 1 0 10 0A5 5 0 0 0 3 8z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-search,.mw-ui-icon-search-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E search %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M12.2 13.6a7 7 0 1 1 1.4-1.4l5.4 5.4-1.4 1.4zM3 8a5 5 0 1 0 10 0A5 5 0 0 0 3 8z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-settings,.mw-ui-icon-settings:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 xmlns:xlink=%22http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E settings %3C/title%3E%3Cg transform=%22translate%2810 10%29%22%3E%3Cpath id=%22a%22 d=%22M1.5-10h-3l-1 6.5h5m0 7h-5l1 6.5h3%22/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href=%22%23a%22 transform=%22rotate%2845%29%22/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href=%22%23a%22 transform=%22rotate%2890%29%22/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href=%22%23a%22 transform=%22rotate%28135%29%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 2.5a7.5 7.5 0 0 0 0 15 7.5 7.5 0 0 0 0-15v4a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0 7 3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0-7%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-settings,.mw-ui-icon-settings-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 xmlns:xlink=%22http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E settings %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cg xmlns:xlink=%22http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%22 transform=%22translate%2810 10%29%22%3E%3Cpath id=%22a%22 d=%22M1.5-10h-3l-1 6.5h5m0 7h-5l1 6.5h3%22/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href=%22%23a%22 transform=%22rotate%2845%29%22/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href=%22%23a%22 transform=%22rotate%2890%29%22/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href=%22%23a%22 transform=%22rotate%28135%29%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 2.5a7.5 7.5 0 0 0 0 15 7.5 7.5 0 0 0 0-15v4a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0 7 3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0-7%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-settings,.mw-ui-icon-settings-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 xmlns:xlink=%22http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E settings %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cg xmlns:xlink=%22http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%22 transform=%22translate%2810 10%29%22%3E%3Cpath id=%22a%22 d=%22M1.5-10h-3l-1 6.5h5m0 7h-5l1 6.5h3%22/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href=%22%23a%22 transform=%22rotate%2845%29%22/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href=%22%23a%22 transform=%22rotate%2890%29%22/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href=%22%23a%22 transform=%22rotate%28135%29%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 2.5a7.5 7.5 0 0 0 0 15 7.5 7.5 0 0 0 0-15v4a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0 7 3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0-7%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-subtract,.mw-ui-icon-subtract:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E subtract %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M4 9h12v2H4z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-subtract,.mw-ui-icon-subtract-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E subtract %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M4 9h12v2H4z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-subtract,.mw-ui-icon-subtract-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E subtract %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M4 9h12v2H4z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-destructive.oo-ui-icon-subtract,.mw-ui-icon-subtract-destructive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E subtract %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23d33%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M4 9h12v2H4z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}
.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=speechBubbleAdd&format=original&lang=en&skin=vector-2022&version=1ilof)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=speechBubbleAdd&variant=progressive&format=original&lang=en&skin=vector-2022&version=1ilof)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=speechBubbles&format=original&lang=en&skin=vector-2022&version=1ilof)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles-progressive{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=speechBubbles&variant=progressive&format=original&lang=en&skin=vector-2022&version=1ilof)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=article&format=original&lang=en&skin=vector-2022&version=1ilof)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article-progressive{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=article&variant=progressive&format=original&lang=en&skin=vector-2022&version=1ilof)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=history&format=original&skin=vector-2022&version=1ilof)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history-progressive{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=history&variant=progressive&format=original&skin=vector-2022&version=1ilof)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=wikiText&format=original&skin=vector-2022&version=1ilof)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText-progressive{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=wikiText&variant=progressive&format=original&skin=vector-2022&version=1ilof)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=edit&format=original&skin=vector-2022&version=1ilof)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit-progressive{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=edit&variant=progressive&format=original&skin=vector-2022&version=1ilof)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=editLock&format=original&skin=vector-2022&version=1ilof)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock-progressive{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=editLock&variant=progressive&format=original&skin=vector-2022&version=1ilof)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-exitFullscreen{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=exitFullscreen&format=original&skin=vector-2022&version=1ilof)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-exitFullscreen-progressive{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=exitFullscreen&variant=progressive&format=original&skin=vector-2022&version=1ilof)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-fullScreen{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=fullScreen&format=original&skin=vector-2022&version=1ilof)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-fullScreen-progressive{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=fullScreen&variant=progressive&format=original&skin=vector-2022&version=1ilof)}</style><style>
.mw-spinner{position:relative}.mw-spinner > .mw-spinner-container{transform-origin:0 0}.mw-spinner-small{width:20px;height:20px}.mw-spinner-small > .mw-spinner-container{transform:scale(0.3125)}.mw-spinner-large{width:32px;height:32px}.mw-spinner-large > .mw-spinner-container{transform:scale(0.5)}.mw-spinner-block{display:block;width:100%;text-align:center}.mw-spinner-block > .mw-spinner-container{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top}.mw-spinner-block.mw-spinner-small > .mw-spinner-container{min-width:20px}.mw-spinner-block.mw-spinner-large > .mw-spinner-container{min-width:32px}.mw-spinner-inline{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle} .mw-spinner-container > div{transform-origin:32px 32px;animation:mw-spinner 1.2s linear infinite}.mw-spinner-container > div::after{content:' ';display:block;position:absolute;top:3px; left:29px;width:5px;height:14px;border-radius:20%;background:#000}.mw-spinner-container > div:nth-child(1){transform:rotate(0deg);animation-delay:-1.1s}.mw-spinner-container > div:nth-child(2){transform:rotate(30deg);animation-delay:-1s}.mw-spinner-container > div:nth-child(3){transform:rotate(60deg);animation-delay:-0.9s}.mw-spinner-container > div:nth-child(4){transform:rotate(90deg);animation-delay:-0.8s}.mw-spinner-container > div:nth-child(5){transform:rotate(120deg);animation-delay:-0.7s}.mw-spinner-container > div:nth-child(6){transform:rotate(150deg);animation-delay:-0.6s}.mw-spinner-container > div:nth-child(7){transform:rotate(180deg);animation-delay:-0.5s}.mw-spinner-container > div:nth-child(8){transform:rotate(210deg);animation-delay:-0.4s}.mw-spinner-container > div:nth-child(9){transform:rotate(240deg);animation-delay:-0.3s}.mw-spinner-container > div:nth-child(10){transform:rotate(270deg);animation-delay:-0.2s}.mw-spinner-container > div:nth-child(11){transform:rotate(300deg);animation-delay:-0.1s}.mw-spinner-container > div:nth-child(12){transform:rotate(330deg);animation-delay:0s}@keyframes mw-spinner{0%{opacity:1}100%{opacity:0}}
.mw-editfont-monospace{font-family:monospace,monospace}.mw-editfont-sans-serif{font-family:sans-serif}.mw-editfont-serif{font-family:serif} .mw-editfont-monospace,.mw-editfont-sans-serif,.mw-editfont-serif{ font-size:13px; -moz-tab-size:4; tab-size:4; }.mw-editfont-monospace.oo-ui-textInputWidget,.mw-editfont-sans-serif.oo-ui-textInputWidget,.mw-editfont-serif.oo-ui-textInputWidget{font-size:inherit}.mw-editfont-monospace.oo-ui-textInputWidget > .oo-ui-inputWidget-input,.mw-editfont-sans-serif.oo-ui-textInputWidget > .oo-ui-inputWidget-input,.mw-editfont-serif.oo-ui-textInputWidget > .oo-ui-inputWidget-input{ font-size:13px}.mw-editfont-monospace.oo-ui-textInputWidget > input.oo-ui-inputWidget-input,.mw-editfont-sans-serif.oo-ui-textInputWidget > input.oo-ui-inputWidget-input,.mw-editfont-serif.oo-ui-textInputWidget > input.oo-ui-inputWidget-input{min-height:32px}
.ve-init-mw-progressBarWidget{height:1em;overflow:hidden;margin:0 25%}.ve-init-mw-progressBarWidget-bar{height:1em;width:0} .ve-init-mw-progressBarWidget{background-color:#fff;box-sizing:border-box;height:0.875em;border:1px solid #36c;border-radius:0.875em;box-shadow:0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.15)}.ve-init-mw-progressBarWidget-bar{background-color:#36c;height:0.875em}
@media screen {
.toctoggle{-moz-user-select:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;font-size:94%}}</style><style>
.cite-accessibility-label{ top:-99999px;clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px); position:absolute !important;padding:0 !important;border:0 !important;height:1px !important;width:1px !important; overflow:hidden}:target .mw-cite-targeted-backlink{font-weight:bold}.mw-cite-up-arrow-backlink{display:none}:target .mw-cite-up-arrow-backlink{display:inline}:target .mw-cite-up-arrow{display:none}
@-webkit-keyframes centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(-20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateY(0)}}@keyframes centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateY(-20px)}100%{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0)}}.centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{-webkit-animation-duration:1s;animation-duration:1s;-webkit-animation-fill-mode:both;animation-fill-mode:both;-webkit-animation-name:centralAuthPPersonalAnimation;animation-name:centralAuthPPersonalAnimation}
.rt-tooltip{position:absolute;z-index:800; max-width:350px;background:#fff;color:#222;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5em;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:0 15px 45px -10px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);overflow-wrap:break-word}.rt-tooltip.rt-tooltip-insideWindow{z-index:810}.rt-tooltipContent{padding:8px 11px}.rt-tooltip-above .rt-tooltipContent{margin-bottom:-8px;padding-bottom:16px}.rt-tooltip-below .rt-tooltipContent{margin-top:-10px;padding-top:18px}.rt-tooltipTail,.rt-tooltipTail:after{position:absolute;width:12px;height:12px}.rt-tooltipTail{background:linear-gradient(to top right,#c8ccd1 50%,rgba(0,0,0,0) 50%)}.rt-tooltipTail:after{content:"";background:#fff;bottom:1px;left:1px}.rt-tooltip-above .rt-tooltipTail{transform:rotate(-45deg);transform-origin:100% 100%;bottom:0;left:15px}.rt-tooltip-below .rt-tooltipTail{transform:rotate(135deg);transform-origin:0 0;top:0;left:27px}.rt-settingsLink{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22utf-8%22%3F%3E%0D%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2024%2024%22%3E%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23555%22%20d%3D%22M20%2014.5v-2.9l-1.8-.3c-.1-.4-.3-.8-.6-1.4l1.1-1.5-2.1-2.1-1.5%201.1c-.5-.3-1-.5-1.4-.6L13.5%205h-2.9l-.3%201.8c-.5.1-.9.3-1.4.6L7.4%206.3%205.3%208.4l1%201.5c-.3.5-.4.9-.6%201.4l-1.7.2v2.9l1.8.3c.1.5.3.9.6%201.4l-1%201.5%202.1%202.1%201.5-1c.4.2.9.4%201.4.6l.3%201.8h3l.3-1.8c.5-.1.9-.3%201.4-.6l1.5%201.1%202.1-2.1-1.1-1.5c.3-.5.5-1%20.6-1.4l1.5-.3zM12%2016c-1.7%200-3-1.3-3-3s1.3-3%203-3%203%201.3%203%203-1.3%203-3%203z%22%2F%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E);float:right;cursor:pointer;margin:-4px -4px 0 8px;height:24px;width:24px;border-radius:2px;background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:24px 24px}.rt-settingsLink:hover{background-color:#eee}.rt-target{background-color:#def}.rt-enableSelect{font-weight:bold}.rt-settingsFormSeparator{margin:0.85714286em 0}.rt-numberInput.rt-numberInput{width:150px}.rt-tooltipsForCommentsField.rt-tooltipsForCommentsField.rt-tooltipsForCommentsField{margin-top:1.64285714em}.rt-disabledHelp{border-collapse:collapse}.rt-disabledHelp td{padding:0}.rt-disabledNote.rt-disabledNote{vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:0.36em;font-weight:bold}@keyframes rt-fade-in-up{0%{opacity:0;transform:translate(0,20px) }100%{opacity:1;transform:translate(0,0) }}@keyframes rt-fade-in-down{0%{opacity:0;transform:translate(0,-20px) }100%{opacity:1;transform:translate(0,0) }}@keyframes rt-fade-out-down{0%{opacity:1;transform:translate(0,0) }100%{opacity:0;transform:translate(0,20px) }}@keyframes rt-fade-out-up{0%{opacity:1;transform:translate(0,0) }100%{opacity:0;transform:translate(0,-20px) }}.rt-fade-in-up{animation:rt-fade-in-up 0.2s ease forwards }.rt-fade-in-down{animation:rt-fade-in-down 0.2s ease forwards }.rt-fade-out-down{animation:rt-fade-out-down 0.2s ease forwards }.rt-fade-out-up{animation:rt-fade-out-up 0.2s ease forwards }
.mw-collapsible-toggle{float:right;-moz-user-select:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;background:none;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font:inherit}.mw-collapsible-toggle .mw-collapsible-text{color:#3366cc}.mw-underline-always .mw-collapsible-toggle .mw-collapsible-text{text-decoration:underline}.mw-underline-never .mw-collapsible-toggle .mw-collapsible-text{text-decoration:none}.mw-collapsible-toggle:hover .mw-collapsible-text{text-decoration:underline}.mw-collapsible-toggle:active .mw-collapsible-text{color:#faa700}.mw-collapsible-toggle-default::before{content:'['}.mw-collapsible-toggle-default::after{content:']'}.mw-customtoggle,.mw-collapsible-toggle{cursor:pointer} caption .mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-content-ltr caption .mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-content-rtl caption .mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-content-rtl .mw-content-ltr caption .mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-content-ltr .mw-content-rtl caption .mw-collapsible-toggle{float:none}
.ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget{border:0;padding:0;color:inherit;line-height:1.5em;width:100%;-moz-tab-size:4;tab-size:4; }.ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget:focus{outline:0;padding:0}.ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget::selection{background:rgba(109,169,247,0.5); }
.uls-menu{border-radius:2px; font-size:medium}.uls-search,.uls-language-settings-close-block{border-top-right-radius:2px;border-top-left-radius:2px}.uls-language-list{border-bottom-right-radius:2px;border-bottom-left-radius:2px}.uls-menu.callout::before,.uls-menu.callout::after{border-top:10px solid transparent;border-bottom:10px solid transparent;display:inline-block; top:17px;position:absolute;content:''}.uls-menu.callout.selector-right::before{ border-left:10px solid #c8ccd1; right:-11px}.uls-menu.callout.selector-right::after{ border-left:10px solid #ffffff; right:-10px}.uls-menu.callout.selector-left::before{ border-right:10px solid #c8ccd1; left:-11px}.uls-menu.callout.selector-left::after{ border-right:10px solid #ffffff; left:-10px}.uls-ui-languages button{margin:5px 15px 5px 0;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden}.uls-search-wrapper-wrapper{position:relative;padding-left:40px;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px}.uls-icon-back{background:transparent url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/back-grey-ltr.svg?01868) no-repeat scroll center center;background-size:28px;height:32px;width:40px;display:block;position:absolute;left:0;border-right:1px solid #c8ccd1;opacity:0.87}.uls-icon-back:hover{opacity:1;cursor:pointer}.uls-menu .uls-no-results-view .uls-no-found-more{background-color:#ffffff}.uls-menu .uls-no-results-view h3{padding:0 28px;margin:0;color:#54595d;font-size:1em;font-weight:normal} .skin-vector .uls-menu{border-color:#c8ccd1;box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.2);font-size:0.875em;z-index:3}.skin-vector .uls-search{border-bottom-color:#c8ccd1}.skin-vector .uls-search-label{opacity:0.51;transition:opacity 250ms}.skin-vector .uls-search-wrapper:hover .uls-search-label{opacity:0.87}.skin-vector .uls-languagefilter,.skin-vector .uls-lcd-region-title{color:#54595d}.skin-vector .uls-filtersuggestion{color:#72777d}
.ext-quick-survey-panel,.ext-qs-loader-bar{width:auto;background-color:#eaecf0} .ext-qs-loader-bar{height:100px;margin-left:1.4em;clear:right;float:right;background-color:#eaecf0;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center}.ext-qs-loader-bar .mw-spinner-container{transform:scale(0.5);transform-origin:center;width:25%;height:75%}.ext-quick-survey-panel{overflow-wrap:anywhere}@media all and (min-width:720px){.ext-qs-loader-bar,.ext-quick-survey-panel{margin-left:1.4em;width:300px;clear:right;float:right}}.mw-body > .content .panel.ext-quick-survey-panel{text-align:initial}.mw-body > .content .panel.ext-quick-survey-panel .image{background-position:center 80%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:auto 5em}@media print{.ext-quick-survey-panel{display:none}}
@media print{#centralNotice{display:none}}.cn-closeButton{display:inline-block;background:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUBAMAAAB/pwA+AAAAElBMVEUAAAAQEBDPz88AAABAQEDv7+9oe1vvAAAABnRSTlMA3rLe3rJS22KzAAAARElEQVQI12PAAUIUQCSTK5BwFgIxFU1AhKECUFAYKAAioXwwBeZChMGCEGGQIFQYJohgIhQgtCEMQ7ECYTHCOciOxA4AADgJTXIb9s8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=) no-repeat;width:20px;height:20px;text-indent:20px;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden}
.mw-mmv-overlay{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:1000;background-color:#000}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open{overflow-y:auto}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > *:not(.mw-notification-area-overlay){display:none}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > .mw-mmv-overlay,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > .mw-mmv-wrapper{display:block}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons{font-size:1rem;margin-top:5px}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .cdx-button:nth-child(n + 2){border-left:none}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded .cdx-button__icon{ min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25em;height:1.25em;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not (mask-image:none) and (-webkit-mask-image:none){.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded .cdx-button__icon{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px))}}@supports (mask-image:none) or (-webkit-mask-image:none){.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded .cdx-button__icon{ -webkit-mask-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px));mask-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px));-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center; }}@supports not (mask-image:none) and (-webkit-mask-image:none){.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded .cdx-button__icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M3 5a2 2 0 00-2 2v10a2 2 0 002 2h14a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2zm0 11 3.5-4.5 2.5 3 3.5-4.5 4.5 6zM16 2a2 2 0 012 2H2a2 2 0 012-2z\"/></svg>");opacity:0.87}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--type-quiet):disabled .mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button--type-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button--type-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded .cdx-button__icon{filter:invert(1)}}@supports (mask-image:none) or (-webkit-mask-image:none){.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded .cdx-button__icon{background-image:none; -webkit-mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M3 5a2 2 0 00-2 2v10a2 2 0 002 2h14a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2zm0 11 3.5-4.5 2.5 3 3.5-4.5 4.5 6zM16 2a2 2 0 012 2H2a2 2 0 012-2z\"/></svg>"); mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M3 5a2 2 0 00-2 2v10a2 2 0 002 2h14a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2zm0 11 3.5-4.5 2.5 3 3.5-4.5 4.5 6zM16 2a2 2 0 012 2H2a2 2 0 012-2z\"/></svg>");transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:100ms}}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config .cdx-button__icon{ min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25em;height:1.25em;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not (mask-image:none) and (-webkit-mask-image:none){.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config .cdx-button__icon{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px))}}@supports (mask-image:none) or (-webkit-mask-image:none){.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config .cdx-button__icon{ -webkit-mask-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px));mask-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px));-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center; }}@supports not (mask-image:none) and (-webkit-mask-image:none){.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config .cdx-button__icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><g transform=\"translate(10 10)\"><path id=\"cdx-icon-settings-a\" d=\"M1.5-10h-3l-1 6.5h5m0 7h-5l1 6.5h3\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(45)\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(90)\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(135)\"/></g><path d=\"M10 2.5a7.5 7.5 0 000 15 7.5 7.5 0 000-15v4a3.5 3.5 0 010 7 3.5 3.5 0 010-7\"/></svg>");opacity:0.87}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--type-quiet):disabled .mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button--type-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button--type-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config .cdx-button__icon{filter:invert(1)}}@supports (mask-image:none) or (-webkit-mask-image:none){.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config .cdx-button__icon{background-image:none; -webkit-mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><g transform=\"translate(10 10)\"><path id=\"cdx-icon-settings-a\" d=\"M1.5-10h-3l-1 6.5h5m0 7h-5l1 6.5h3\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(45)\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(90)\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(135)\"/></g><path d=\"M10 2.5a7.5 7.5 0 000 15 7.5 7.5 0 000-15v4a3.5 3.5 0 010 7 3.5 3.5 0 010-7\"/></svg>"); mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><g transform=\"translate(10 10)\"><path id=\"cdx-icon-settings-a\" d=\"M1.5-10h-3l-1 6.5h5m0 7h-5l1 6.5h3\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(45)\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(90)\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(135)\"/></g><path d=\"M10 2.5a7.5 7.5 0 000 15 7.5 7.5 0 000-15v4a3.5 3.5 0 010 7 3.5 3.5 0 010-7\"/></svg>");transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:100ms}}.mw-mmv-button{background-color:transparent;min-width:0;border:0;padding:0;overflow-x:hidden;text-indent:-9999em}
#uls-settings-block{background-color:#fcfcfc}#uls-settings-block.uls-settings-block--vector-2022{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;padding:8px 12px}#uls-settings-block.uls-settings-block--vector-2022.row::before,#uls-settings-block.uls-settings-block--vector-2022.row::after{content:none}#uls-settings-block.uls-settings-block--vector-2022.uls-settings-block--with-add-languages{background-color:#f8f9fa;border-top:1px solid #c8ccd1}#uls-settings-block.uls-settings-block--vector-2022 > button.uls-add-languages-button{background:transparent url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/add.svg?3165e) no-repeat left center;margin-right:32px;padding-left:32px}#uls-settings-block.uls-settings-block--vector-2022 > button.uls-language-settings-button{background:transparent url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/cog.svg?d6cee) no-repeat center;margin-left:auto;min-width:unset;border:0}#uls-settings-block:not(.uls-settings-block--vector-2022){background-color:#f8f9fa;border-top:1px solid #c8ccd1;padding-left:10px;line-height:1.2em;border-radius:0 0 2px 2px}#uls-settings-block:not(.uls-settings-block--vector-2022) > button{background:left top transparent no-repeat;background-size:20px auto;color:#54595d;display:inline-block;margin:8px 15px;border:0;padding:0 0 0 26px;font-size:medium;cursor:pointer}#uls-settings-block:not(.uls-settings-block--vector-2022) > button:hover{color:#202122}#uls-settings-block:not(.uls-settings-block--vector-2022) > button.display-settings-block{background-image:url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/display.svg?b78f7)}#uls-settings-block:not(.uls-settings-block--vector-2022) > button.input-settings-block{background-image:url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/input.svg?e7c85)}.uls-tipsy.uls-tipsy{z-index:1000}.uls-empty-state{padding:28px}.uls-empty-state .uls-empty-state__header,.uls-empty-state .uls-empty-state__desc{color:#54595d}.uls-empty-state .uls-language-action-items{list-style:none;margin:1em 0}.empty-language-selector__language-settings-button{margin:12px}.uls-menu.uls-language-actions-dialog{min-width:248px}.uls-menu.uls-language-actions-dialog .uls-language-actions-title{border-bottom:1px solid #c8ccd1;display:flex;align-items:center;height:32px;padding:5px 0}.uls-menu.uls-language-actions-dialog .uls-language-actions-title .uls-language-actions-close{min-width:unset;width:44px;background:transparent url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/arrow-previous.svg?279af) no-repeat center}.uls-menu.uls-language-actions-dialog .uls-language-action-items .uls-language-action.oo-ui-widget{margin:0;padding:12px 8px;display:block}.uls-menu.uls-language-actions-dialog .uls-language-action-items .uls-language-action.oo-ui-widget .oo-ui-buttonElement-button{padding-left:36px}.mw-interlanguage-selector-disabled #p-lang-btn-sticky-header{display:none}</style><style>
.ve-active .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer #siteNotice,.ve-active .mw-indicators,.ve-active #t-print,.ve-active #t-permalink,.ve-active #p-coll-print_export,.ve-active #t-cite,.ve-active .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-editableContent,.ve-active .ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget{display:none}.ve-deactivating .ve-ui-surface{display:none}.ve-activating{ }.ve-activating .ve-ui-surface{height:0;padding:0 !important; overflow:hidden} .ve-loading .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer > :not(.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder):not(.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget),.ve-loading .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-originalContent,.ve-activated:not(.ve-loading) .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-uneditableContent{pointer-events:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;opacity:0.5}.ve-activated .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer #firstHeading{ -webkit-user-select:text;-moz-user-select:text;-ms-user-select:text;user-select:text;pointer-events:auto;cursor:text}.ve-activated .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer #firstHeading a{ pointer-events:none}.ve-activated .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-originalContent #catlinks{cursor:pointer}.ve-activated .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-originalContent #catlinks:hover{ background:#e9f2fd}.ve-activated .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-originalContent #catlinks a{opacity:1} .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-loading-overlay{z-index:2;position:absolute;width:100%;top:1em}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder{overflow:hidden;transition:height 250ms ease;height:0;padding-bottom:2px; }.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-bar{transform:translateY(-100%);transition:transform 250ms ease}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-open .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-bar{transform:translateY(0)}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-floating{transition:none}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-floating .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-bar{position:fixed;top:0;z-index:1;background:#fff} .oo-ui-element-hidden{display:none !important; } .mw-editsection{ unicode-bidi:-moz-isolate;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;unicode-bidi:isolate}.mw-editsection::before{content:'\200B'}.mw-editsection a{white-space:nowrap}.mw-editsection-divider{color:#54595d} .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-bar{height:42px;border-bottom:1px solid #c8ccd1;box-shadow:0 1px 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-floating,.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-open{height:42px} .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-bar,.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbar.ve-ui-toolbar > .oo-ui-toolbar-bar{box-shadow:0 2px 1px -1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}.ve-ui-mwSaveDialog-preview .mw-body{ }.ve-ui-mwSaveDialog-preview .mw-body .firstHeading{grid-area:titlebar}.ve-ui-mwSaveDialog-preview .mw-body .mw-body-content{grid-area:content}.ve-ui-mwSaveDialog-preview .mw-content-container{max-width:960px;margin:0 auto}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget .ve-init-mw-target-surface > .ve-ce-surface .ve-ce-attachedRootNode{min-height:15em}
#p-lang .body ul .uls-trigger,#p-lang .pBody ul .uls-trigger{background-image:none;padding:0}#p-lang .mw-interlanguage-selector,#p-lang .mw-interlanguage-selector:active{background-image:url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/language-base20.svg?b7954);background-position:left 4px center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:16px;margin:4px 0 8px;padding:4px 8px 4px 26px;font-size:13px;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;cursor:pointer}#p-lang .mw-interlanguage-selector.selector-open{background-color:#c8ccd1} .interlanguage-uls-menu::before,.interlanguage-uls-menu::after{border-top:10px solid transparent;border-bottom:10px solid transparent;display:inline-block; top:17px;position:absolute;content:''}.interlanguage-uls-menu.selector-right::before{ border-left:10px solid #c8ccd1; right:-11px}.interlanguage-uls-menu.selector-right::after{ border-left:10px solid #ffffff; right:-10px}.interlanguage-uls-menu.selector-left::before{ border-right:10px solid #c8ccd1; left:-11px}.interlanguage-uls-menu.selector-left::after{ border-right:10px solid #ffffff; left:-10px}.uls-dialog-sticky .uls-menu{position:fixed}.uls-dialog-sticky.uls-dialog-sticky-hide .uls-menu{ display:none !important}</style><style>
.mw-ui-checkbox{display:table;position:relative;line-height:1.5625em;vertical-align:middle}.mw-ui-checkbox *{font-size:inherit;vertical-align:middle}.mw-ui-checkbox [type='checkbox']{display:table-cell;position:relative;width:1.5625em;height:1.5625em;max-width:none;opacity:0;z-index:1}.mw-ui-checkbox [type='checkbox'] + label{display:table-cell;padding-left:0.4em}.mw-ui-checkbox [type='checkbox'] + label::before{content:'';background-color:#fff;background-origin:border-box;background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:0 0;box-sizing:border-box;position:absolute;top:50%;left:0;width:1.5625em;height:1.5625em;margin-top:-0.78125em;border-width:1px;border-style:solid;border-radius:2px}.mw-ui-checkbox [type='checkbox']:checked + label::before{background-image:url(/w/resources/src/mediawiki.ui.checkbox/images/checkbox-checked.svg?8153e);background-size:90% 90%}.mw-ui-checkbox [type='checkbox']:enabled{cursor:pointer}.mw-ui-checkbox [type='checkbox']:enabled + label{cursor:pointer}.mw-ui-checkbox [type='checkbox']:enabled + label::before{border-color:#72777d;transition-property:background-color,color,border-color,box-shadow;transition-duration:100ms}.mw-ui-checkbox [type='checkbox']:enabled:focus + label::before{border-color:#3366cc;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #3366cc;outline:1px solid transparent}.mw-ui-checkbox [type='checkbox']:enabled:hover + label::before{border-color:#447ff5;cursor:pointer}.mw-ui-checkbox [type='checkbox']:enabled:active + label::before{background-color:#2a4b8d;border-color:#2a4b8d;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #2a4b8d}.mw-ui-checkbox [type='checkbox']:enabled:checked + label::before{background-color:#3366cc;border-color:#3366cc}.mw-ui-checkbox [type='checkbox']:enabled:checked:focus + label::before{background-color:#3366cc;border-color:#3366cc}.mw-ui-checkbox [type='checkbox']:enabled:checked:hover + label::before{background-color:#447ff5;border-color:#447ff5}.mw-ui-checkbox [type='checkbox']:enabled:checked:active + label::before{background-color:#2a4b8d;border-color:#2a4b8d}.mw-ui-checkbox [type='checkbox']:disabled + label::before{background-color:#c8ccd1;border-color:#c8ccd1}
.oo-ui-icon-edit,.mw-ui-icon-edit:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E edit %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22m16.77 8 1.94-2a1 1 0 0 0 0-1.41l-3.34-3.3a1 1 0 0 0-1.41 0L12 3.23zM1 14.25V19h4.75l9.96-9.96-4.75-4.75z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-edit,.mw-ui-icon-edit-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E edit %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22m16.77 8 1.94-2a1 1 0 0 0 0-1.41l-3.34-3.3a1 1 0 0 0-1.41 0L12 3.23zM1 14.25V19h4.75l9.96-9.96-4.75-4.75z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-edit,.mw-ui-icon-edit-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E edit %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22m16.77 8 1.94-2a1 1 0 0 0 0-1.41l-3.34-3.3a1 1 0 0 0-1.41 0L12 3.23zM1 14.25V19h4.75l9.96-9.96-4.75-4.75z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-editLock,.mw-ui-icon-editLock:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E edit lock %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M12 12a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V5.25l-9 9V19h4.75l7-7zm7-8h-.5V2.5a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-5 0V4H13a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v4a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h6a1 1 0 0 0 1-1V5a1 1 0 0 0-1-1zm-3 4a1 1 0 1 1 1-1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1zm1.5-4h-3V2.75C14.5 2 14.5 1 16 1s1.5 1 1.5 1.75z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-editLock,.mw-ui-icon-editLock-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E edit lock %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M12 12a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V5.25l-9 9V19h4.75l7-7zm7-8h-.5V2.5a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-5 0V4H13a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v4a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h6a1 1 0 0 0 1-1V5a1 1 0 0 0-1-1zm-3 4a1 1 0 1 1 1-1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1zm1.5-4h-3V2.75C14.5 2 14.5 1 16 1s1.5 1 1.5 1.75z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-editLock,.mw-ui-icon-editLock-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E edit lock %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M12 12a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V5.25l-9 9V19h4.75l7-7zm7-8h-.5V2.5a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-5 0V4H13a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v4a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h6a1 1 0 0 0 1-1V5a1 1 0 0 0-1-1zm-3 4a1 1 0 1 1 1-1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1zm1.5-4h-3V2.75C14.5 2 14.5 1 16 1s1.5 1 1.5 1.75z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-editUndo,.mw-ui-icon-editUndo:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E undo edit %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M1 14.25V19h4.75l8.33-8.33-5.27-4.23zM13 2.86V0L8 4l5 4V5h.86c2.29 0 4 1.43 4 4.29H20a6.51 6.51 0 0 0-6.14-6.43z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-editUndo,.mw-ui-icon-editUndo-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E undo edit %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M1 14.25V19h4.75l8.33-8.33-5.27-4.23zM13 2.86V0L8 4l5 4V5h.86c2.29 0 4 1.43 4 4.29H20a6.51 6.51 0 0 0-6.14-6.43z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-editUndo,.mw-ui-icon-editUndo-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E undo edit %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M1 14.25V19h4.75l8.33-8.33-5.27-4.23zM13 2.86V0L8 4l5 4V5h.86c2.29 0 4 1.43 4 4.29H20a6.51 6.51 0 0 0-6.14-6.43z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-link,.mw-ui-icon-link:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E link %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M4.83 15h2.91a4.88 4.88 0 0 1-1.55-2H5a3 3 0 1 1 0-6h3a3 3 0 0 1 2.82 4h2.1a4.82 4.82 0 0 0 .08-.83v-.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 8.17 5H4.83A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 0 9.83v.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 4.83 15z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M15.17 5h-2.91a4.88 4.88 0 0 1 1.55 2H15a3 3 0 1 1 0 6h-3a3 3 0 0 1-2.82-4h-2.1a4.82 4.82 0 0 0-.08.83v.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 11.83 15h3.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 20 10.17v-.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 15.17 5z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-link,.mw-ui-icon-link-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E link %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M4.83 15h2.91a4.88 4.88 0 0 1-1.55-2H5a3 3 0 1 1 0-6h3a3 3 0 0 1 2.82 4h2.1a4.82 4.82 0 0 0 .08-.83v-.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 8.17 5H4.83A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 0 9.83v.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 4.83 15z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M15.17 5h-2.91a4.88 4.88 0 0 1 1.55 2H15a3 3 0 1 1 0 6h-3a3 3 0 0 1-2.82-4h-2.1a4.82 4.82 0 0 0-.08.83v.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 11.83 15h3.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 20 10.17v-.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 15.17 5z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-link,.mw-ui-icon-link-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E link %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M4.83 15h2.91a4.88 4.88 0 0 1-1.55-2H5a3 3 0 1 1 0-6h3a3 3 0 0 1 2.82 4h2.1a4.82 4.82 0 0 0 .08-.83v-.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 8.17 5H4.83A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 0 9.83v.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 4.83 15z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M15.17 5h-2.91a4.88 4.88 0 0 1 1.55 2H15a3 3 0 1 1 0 6h-3a3 3 0 0 1-2.82-4h-2.1a4.82 4.82 0 0 0-.08.83v.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 11.83 15h3.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 20 10.17v-.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 15.17 5z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-unLink,.mw-ui-icon-unLink:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E unlink %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M4.83 5A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 0 9.83v.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 4.83 15h2.91a4.88 4.88 0 0 1-1.55-2H5c-4 0-4-6 0-6h3c.075.001.15.005.225.012L6.215 5zm7.43 0a4.88 4.88 0 0 1 1.55 2H15c3.179.003 4.17 4.3 1.314 5.695l1.508 1.508A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 20 10.17v-.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 15.17 5zm-3.612.03 4.329 4.327A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 8.648 5.03zM7.227 8.411C7.17 8.595 7.08 9 7.08 9c-.045.273-.08.584-.08.83v.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 11.83 15h3.34c.316 0 .631-.032.941-.094L14.205 13H12c-2.067-.006-3.51-2.051-2.82-4zm3.755 1.36A3 3 0 0 1 10.82 11h1.389z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M1.22 0 0 1.22 18.8 20l1.2-1.22z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-unLink,.mw-ui-icon-unLink-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E unlink %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M4.83 5A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 0 9.83v.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 4.83 15h2.91a4.88 4.88 0 0 1-1.55-2H5c-4 0-4-6 0-6h3c.075.001.15.005.225.012L6.215 5zm7.43 0a4.88 4.88 0 0 1 1.55 2H15c3.179.003 4.17 4.3 1.314 5.695l1.508 1.508A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 20 10.17v-.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 15.17 5zm-3.612.03 4.329 4.327A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 8.648 5.03zM7.227 8.411C7.17 8.595 7.08 9 7.08 9c-.045.273-.08.584-.08.83v.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 11.83 15h3.34c.316 0 .631-.032.941-.094L14.205 13H12c-2.067-.006-3.51-2.051-2.82-4zm3.755 1.36A3 3 0 0 1 10.82 11h1.389z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M1.22 0 0 1.22 18.8 20l1.2-1.22z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-unLink,.mw-ui-icon-unLink-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E unlink %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M4.83 5A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 0 9.83v.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 4.83 15h2.91a4.88 4.88 0 0 1-1.55-2H5c-4 0-4-6 0-6h3c.075.001.15.005.225.012L6.215 5zm7.43 0a4.88 4.88 0 0 1 1.55 2H15c3.179.003 4.17 4.3 1.314 5.695l1.508 1.508A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 20 10.17v-.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 15.17 5zm-3.612.03 4.329 4.327A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 8.648 5.03zM7.227 8.411C7.17 8.595 7.08 9 7.08 9c-.045.273-.08.584-.08.83v.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 11.83 15h3.34c.316 0 .631-.032.941-.094L14.205 13H12c-2.067-.006-3.51-2.051-2.82-4zm3.755 1.36A3 3 0 0 1 10.82 11h1.389z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M1.22 0 0 1.22 18.8 20l1.2-1.22z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-destructive.oo-ui-icon-unLink,.mw-ui-icon-unLink-destructive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E unlink %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23d33%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M4.83 5A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 0 9.83v.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 4.83 15h2.91a4.88 4.88 0 0 1-1.55-2H5c-4 0-4-6 0-6h3c.075.001.15.005.225.012L6.215 5zm7.43 0a4.88 4.88 0 0 1 1.55 2H15c3.179.003 4.17 4.3 1.314 5.695l1.508 1.508A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 20 10.17v-.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 15.17 5zm-3.612.03 4.329 4.327A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 8.648 5.03zM7.227 8.411C7.17 8.595 7.08 9 7.08 9c-.045.273-.08.584-.08.83v.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 11.83 15h3.34c.316 0 .631-.032.941-.094L14.205 13H12c-2.067-.006-3.51-2.051-2.82-4zm3.755 1.36A3 3 0 0 1 10.82 11h1.389z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M1.22 0 0 1.22 18.8 20l1.2-1.22z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-linkExternal,.mw-ui-icon-linkExternal:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E external link %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M17 17H3V3h5V1H3a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-5h-2z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22m11 1 3.29 3.29-5.73 5.73 1.42 1.42 5.73-5.73L19 9V1z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-linkExternal,.mw-ui-icon-linkExternal-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E external link %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M17 17H3V3h5V1H3a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-5h-2z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22m11 1 3.29 3.29-5.73 5.73 1.42 1.42 5.73-5.73L19 9V1z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-linkExternal,.mw-ui-icon-linkExternal-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E external link %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M17 17H3V3h5V1H3a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-5h-2z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22m11 1 3.29 3.29-5.73 5.73 1.42 1.42 5.73-5.73L19 9V1z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-linkSecure,.mw-ui-icon-linkSecure:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E secure link %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M16.07 8H15V5s0-5-5-5-5 5-5 5v3H3.93A1.93 1.93 0 0 0 2 9.93v8.15A1.93 1.93 0 0 0 3.93 20h12.14A1.93 1.93 0 0 0 18 18.07V9.93A1.93 1.93 0 0 0 16.07 8zM7 5.5C7 4 7 2 10 2s3 2 3 3.5V8H7zM10 16a2 2 0 1 1 2-2 2 2 0 0 1-2 2z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-linkSecure,.mw-ui-icon-linkSecure-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E secure link %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M16.07 8H15V5s0-5-5-5-5 5-5 5v3H3.93A1.93 1.93 0 0 0 2 9.93v8.15A1.93 1.93 0 0 0 3.93 20h12.14A1.93 1.93 0 0 0 18 18.07V9.93A1.93 1.93 0 0 0 16.07 8zM7 5.5C7 4 7 2 10 2s3 2 3 3.5V8H7zM10 16a2 2 0 1 1 2-2 2 2 0 0 1-2 2z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-linkSecure,.mw-ui-icon-linkSecure-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E secure link %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M16.07 8H15V5s0-5-5-5-5 5-5 5v3H3.93A1.93 1.93 0 0 0 2 9.93v8.15A1.93 1.93 0 0 0 3.93 20h12.14A1.93 1.93 0 0 0 18 18.07V9.93A1.93 1.93 0 0 0 16.07 8zM7 5.5C7 4 7 2 10 2s3 2 3 3.5V8H7zM10 16a2 2 0 1 1 2-2 2 2 0 0 1-2 2z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-redo,.mw-ui-icon-redo:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E redo %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M19 8.5 12 3v11zM12 7v3h-1c-4 0-7 2-7 6v1H1v-1c0-6 5-9 10-9z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-redo,.mw-ui-icon-redo-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E redo %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M19 8.5 12 3v11zM12 7v3h-1c-4 0-7 2-7 6v1H1v-1c0-6 5-9 10-9z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-redo,.mw-ui-icon-redo-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E redo %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M19 8.5 12 3v11zM12 7v3h-1c-4 0-7 2-7 6v1H1v-1c0-6 5-9 10-9z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-undo,.mw-ui-icon-undo:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E undo %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M1 8.5 8 14v-4h1c4 0 7 2 7 6v1h3v-1c0-6-5-9-10-9H8V3z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-undo,.mw-ui-icon-undo-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E undo %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M1 8.5 8 14v-4h1c4 0 7 2 7 6v1h3v-1c0-6-5-9-10-9H8V3z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-undo,.mw-ui-icon-undo-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E undo %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M1 8.5 8 14v-4h1c4 0 7 2 7 6v1h3v-1c0-6-5-9-10-9H8V3z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}
.mw-ui-icon-infoFilled{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E info %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 0C4.477 0 0 4.477 0 10s4.477 10 10 10 10-4.477 10-10S15.523 0 10 0zM9 5h2v2H9zm0 4h2v6H9z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-infoFilled,.mw-ui-icon-infoFilled-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E info %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 0C4.477 0 0 4.477 0 10s4.477 10 10 10 10-4.477 10-10S15.523 0 10 0zM9 5h2v2H9zm0 4h2v6H9z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-infoFilled,.mw-ui-icon-infoFilled-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E info %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 0C4.477 0 0 4.477 0 10s4.477 10 10 10 10-4.477 10-10S15.523 0 10 0zM9 5h2v2H9zm0 4h2v6H9z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mw-ui-icon-settings{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 xmlns:xlink=%22http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E settings %3C/title%3E%3Cg transform=%22translate%2810 10%29%22%3E%3Cpath id=%22a%22 d=%22M1.5-10h-3l-1 6.5h5m0 7h-5l1 6.5h3%22/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href=%22%23a%22 transform=%22rotate%2845%29%22/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href=%22%23a%22 transform=%22rotate%2890%29%22/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href=%22%23a%22 transform=%22rotate%28135%29%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 2.5a7.5 7.5 0 0 0 0 15 7.5 7.5 0 0 0 0-15v4a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0 7 3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0-7%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-settings,.mw-ui-icon-settings-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 xmlns:xlink=%22http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E settings %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cg xmlns:xlink=%22http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%22 transform=%22translate%2810 10%29%22%3E%3Cpath id=%22a%22 d=%22M1.5-10h-3l-1 6.5h5m0 7h-5l1 6.5h3%22/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href=%22%23a%22 transform=%22rotate%2845%29%22/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href=%22%23a%22 transform=%22rotate%2890%29%22/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href=%22%23a%22 transform=%22rotate%28135%29%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 2.5a7.5 7.5 0 0 0 0 15 7.5 7.5 0 0 0 0-15v4a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0 7 3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0-7%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-settings,.mw-ui-icon-settings-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 xmlns:xlink=%22http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E settings %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cg xmlns:xlink=%22http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%22 transform=%22translate%2810 10%29%22%3E%3Cpath id=%22a%22 d=%22M1.5-10h-3l-1 6.5h5m0 7h-5l1 6.5h3%22/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href=%22%23a%22 transform=%22rotate%2845%29%22/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href=%22%23a%22 transform=%22rotate%2890%29%22/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href=%22%23a%22 transform=%22rotate%28135%29%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 2.5a7.5 7.5 0 0 0 0 15 7.5 7.5 0 0 0 0-15v4a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0 7 3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0-7%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}
.mw-ui-icon-popups-close{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E %3Ctitle%3E close %3C/title%3E %3Cpath d=%22m4.34 2.93 12.73 12.73-1.41 1.41L2.93 4.35z%22/%3E %3Cpath d=%22M17.07 4.34 4.34 17.07l-1.41-1.41L15.66 2.93z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}.mw-ui-icon-preview-generic{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E %3Ctitle%3E sad face %3C/title%3E %3Cpath d=%22M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v18l4-4h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V2a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H2zm4 4c1.336 0 2.007 1.617 1.06 2.56-.943.947-2.56.276-2.56-1.06A1.5 1.5 0 0 1 6 4zm8 0c1.336 0 2.007 1.617 1.06 2.56-.943.947-2.56.276-2.56-1.06A1.5 1.5 0 0 1 14 4zm-4 5c2.61 0 4.83.67 5.65 3H4.35C5.17 9.67 7.39 9 10 9z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}.mw-ui-icon-footer{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 xmlns:xlink=%22http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%22 width=%22230%22 height=%22179%22 viewBox=%220 0 230 179%22%3E %3Cdefs%3E %3Crect id=%22a%22 width=%22201%22 height=%2213%22 rx=%222%22/%3E %3Crect id=%22b%22 width=%22201%22 height=%22169%22 y=%2210%22 rx=%222%22/%3E %3Crect id=%22c%22 width=%2230%22 height=%222%22 x=%22135%22 y=%22158%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3C/defs%3E %3Cg fill=%22none%22 fill-rule=%22evenodd%22%3E %3Cg transform=%22matrix%281 0 0 -1 0 13%29%22%3E %3Cuse xlink:href=%22%23a%22 fill=%22%23f8f9fa%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22199%22 height=%2211%22 x=%221%22 y=%221%22 stroke=%22%23a2a9b1%22 stroke-width=%222%22 rx=%222%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3Cuse xlink:href=%22%23b%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22199%22 height=%22167%22 x=%221%22 y=%2211%22 stroke=%22%23a2a9b1%22 stroke-width=%222%22 rx=%222%22/%3E %3Cg fill=%22%2372777d%22 opacity=%22.4%22 transform=%22translate%2867 35%29%22%3E %3Crect width=%2273%22 height=%222%22 y=%227%22 fill=%22%23c8ccd1%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2281%22 height=%222%22 y=%2231%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2232%22 height=%222%22 y=%2285%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2273%22 height=%222%22 x=%2235%22 y=%2285%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2217%22 height=%222%22 y=%2245%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2217%22 height=%222%22 x=%2291%22 y=%2245%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2268%22 height=%222%22 x=%2220%22 y=%2245%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2217%22 height=%222%22 y=%2278%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2237%22 height=%222%22 x=%2272%22 y=%2278%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2249%22 height=%222%22 x=%2220%22 y=%2278%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2224%22 height=%222%22 x=%2284%22 y=%2231%22 rx=%221%22 transform=%22matrix%28-1 0 0 1 192 0%29%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2281%22 height=%222%22 y=%2266%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2214%22 height=%222%22 x=%2254%22 y=%2224%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2237%22 height=%222%22 x=%2271%22 y=%2224%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2251%22 height=%222%22 y=%2224%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2259%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2252%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2292%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2238%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2251%22 height=%222%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3Crect width=%2230%22 height=%222%22 x=%2267%22 y=%22158%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 opacity=%22.4%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2230%22 height=%222%22 x=%2299%22 y=%22158%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 opacity=%22.4%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Cuse xlink:href=%22%23c%22 fill=%22%2336c%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2233%22 height=%225%22 x=%22133.5%22 y=%22156.5%22 stroke=%22%23ffc057%22 stroke-opacity=%22.447%22 stroke-width=%223%22 rx=%222.5%22/%3E %3Ccircle cx=%2234%22 cy=%2249%22 r=%2219%22 fill=%22%23eaecf0%22/%3E %3Cg fill=%22%23a2a9b1%22 transform=%22translate%285 5%29%22%3E %3Ccircle cx=%221.5%22 cy=%221.5%22 r=%221.5%22/%3E %3Ccircle cx=%226%22 cy=%221.5%22 r=%221.5%22/%3E %3Ccircle cx=%2210.5%22 cy=%221.5%22 r=%221.5%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3Cpath stroke=%22%23ff00af%22 stroke-linecap=%22square%22 d=%22M174.5 159.5h54.01%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E")}.mw-ui-icon-preview-disambiguation{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E %3Ctitle%3E articles %3C/title%3E %3Cpath d=%22M5 0v2h11v14h2V2a2 2 0 0 0-2-2z%22/%3E %3Cpath d=%22M13 20a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V5a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v13a2 2 0 0 0 2 2zM9 5h4v5H9zM4 5h4v1H4zm0 2h4v1H4zm0 2h4v1H4zm0 2h9v1H4zm0 2h9v1H4zm0 2h9v1H4z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}.mw-ui-icon-reference-generic{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E %3Ctitle%3E reference %3C/title%3E %3Cpath d=%22m15 10-2.78-2.78L9.44 10V1H5a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h10a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V3a2 2 0 0 0-2-2z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}.mw-ui-icon-reference-book{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E %3Ctitle%3E book %3C/title%3E %3Cpath d=%22M15 2a7.65 7.65 0 0 0-5 2 7.65 7.65 0 0 0-5-2H1v15h4a7.65 7.65 0 0 1 5 2 7.65 7.65 0 0 1 5-2h4V2zm2.5 13.5H14a4.38 4.38 0 0 0-3 1V5s1-1.5 4-1.5h2.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath d=%22M9 3.5h2v1H9z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}.mw-ui-icon-reference-journal{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E %3Ctitle%3E journal %3C/title%3E %3Cpath d=%22M2 18.5A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 3.5 20H5V0H3.5A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 2 1.5zM6 0v20h10a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V2a2 2 0 0 0-2-2zm7 8H8V7h5zm3-2H8V5h8z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}.mw-ui-icon-reference-news{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E %3Ctitle%3E newspaper %3C/title%3E %3Cpath d=%22M5 2a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v12a1 1 0 0 1-1-1V5h-.5A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 6.5v10A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 1.5 18H18a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V4a2 2 0 0 0-2-2zm1 2h11v4H6zm0 6h6v1H6zm0 2h6v1H6zm0 2h6v1H6zm7-4h4v5h-4z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}.mw-ui-icon-reference-web{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E %3Ctitle%3E browser %3C/title%3E %3Cpath d=%22M2 2a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v12a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h16a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V4a2 2 0 0 0-2-2zm2 1.5A1.5 1.5 0 1 1 2.5 5 1.5 1.5 0 0 1 4 3.5zM18 16H2V8h16z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}</style><style>
@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-up{0%{opacity:0;transform:translate(0,20px)}100%{opacity:1;transform:translate(0,0)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-down{0%{opacity:0;transform:translate(0,-20px)}100%{opacity:1;transform:translate(0,0)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-down{0%{opacity:1;transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;transform:translate(0,20px)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-up{0%{opacity:1;transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;transform:translate(0,-20px)}}.mwe-popups-fade-in-up{animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-up 0.2s ease forwards}.mwe-popups-fade-in-down{animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-down 0.2s ease forwards}.mwe-popups-fade-out-down{animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-down 0.2s ease forwards}.mwe-popups-fade-out-up{animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-up 0.2s ease forwards}#mwe-popups-settings{z-index:1000;background-color:#ffffff;width:420px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.2);border-radius:2px;font-size:14px}#mwe-popups-settings header{box-sizing:border-box;border-bottom:1px solid #c8ccd1;position:relative;display:table;width:100%;padding:5px 7px}#mwe-popups-settings header > div{display:table-cell;width:3.25em;vertical-align:middle;cursor:pointer}#mwe-popups-settings header h1{margin-bottom:0.6em;padding-top:0.5em;border:0;width:100%;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;text-align:center}#mwe-popups-settings .mwe-ui-icon-popups-close{opacity:0.87;transition:opacity 100ms}#mwe-popups-settings .mwe-ui-icon-popups-close:hover{opacity:0.74}#mwe-popups-settings .mwe-ui-icon-popups-close:active{opacity:1}#mwe-popups-settings main#mwe-popups-settings-form{display:block;width:350px;padding:32px 0 24px;margin:0 auto}#mwe-popups-settings main#mwe-popups-settings-form p{color:#54595d;font-size:14px;margin:16px 0 0}#mwe-popups-settings main#mwe-popups-settings-form p:first-child{margin-top:0}#mwe-popups-settings main#mwe-popups-settings-form form img{margin-right:60px}#mwe-popups-settings main#mwe-popups-settings-form form input{margin-right:10px}#mwe-popups-settings main#mwe-popups-settings-form form label{font-size:13px;line-height:16px;width:300px}#mwe-popups-settings main#mwe-popups-settings-form form label > span{color:#000000;font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;display:block;margin-bottom:5px}#mwe-popups-settings main#mwe-popups-settings-form form label::before{top:0.78125em !important}.mwe-popups-settings-help{font-size:13px;font-weight:800;margin:40px;position:relative}.mwe-popups-settings-help .popups-icon::before,.mwe-popups-settings-help .popups-icon{background-size:contain;width:180px;max-width:none;height:140px;margin:0;padding:0}.mwe-popups-settings-help p{left:180px;bottom:20px;position:absolute}.mwe-popups{background:#fff;position:absolute;z-index:110;box-shadow:0 30px 90px -20px rgba(0,0,0,0.3),0 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);padding:0;display:none;font-size:14px;line-height:20px;min-width:300px;border-radius:2px; }.mwe-popups .mw-ui-icon-preview-disambiguation,.mwe-popups .mw-ui-icon-preview-generic{opacity:0.25}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container{color:#202122;margin-top:-8px;padding-top:9px;text-decoration:none}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container footer{padding:0 16px 16px;margin:0;position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;pointer-events:none}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container footer a{pointer-events:auto}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-settings-button{float:right;pointer-events:auto;min-width:32px !important; min-height:32px !important; }.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract{margin:16px;display:block;color:#202122;text-decoration:none;position:relative}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract:hover{text-decoration:none}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract::after,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract blockquote::after{content:' ';position:absolute;bottom:0;width:25%;height:20px;background-color:transparent;pointer-events:none}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract[dir='ltr']::after{ right:0; background-image:linear-gradient(to right,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%)}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract[dir='rtl']::after{ left:0; background-image:linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%)}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract blockquote::after{width:100%;height:25px; bottom:0; background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 75%)}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract p{margin:0}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract ul,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract ol,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract li,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract dl,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract dd,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract dt{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}.mwe-popups svg{overflow:hidden}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall{width:450px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall > div > a > svg{vertical-align:middle}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall .mwe-popups-extract{width:215px;height:176px;overflow:hidden;float:left}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall .mwe-popups-extract + footer{left:0;right:203px}.rtl .mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall .mwe-popups-extract + footer{ right:-12px;width:215px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall{width:320px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall .mwe-popups-extract{min-height:58px;max-height:136px;overflow:hidden;margin-bottom:58px;padding-bottom:0}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall footer{width:288px}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container.footer-empty .mwe-popups-extract{margin-bottom:16px}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container.footer-empty .mwe-popups-extract .mwe-popups-scroll{max-height:379px}.mwe-popups.flipped-y .mwe-popups-container.footer-empty .mwe-popups-extract,.mwe-popups.flipped-x-y .mwe-popups-container.footer-empty .mwe-popups-extract{margin-bottom:24px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-no-image-pointer::before{content:'';position:absolute;border:8px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:8px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.07000000000000001);top:-8px;left:10px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-no-image-pointer::after{content:'';position:absolute;border:11px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:11px solid #ffffff;top:-7px;left:7px}.mwe-popups.flipped-x.mwe-popups-no-image-pointer::before{left:auto;right:10px}.mwe-popups.flipped-x.mwe-popups-no-image-pointer::after{left:auto;right:7px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-pointer::before{content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:9px solid #a2a9b1;top:-9px;left:9px;z-index:111}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-pointer::after{content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:12px solid #ffffff;top:-8px;left:6px;z-index:112}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-pointer.flipped-x::before{content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:9px solid #a2a9b1;top:-9px;left:293px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-pointer.flipped-x::after{content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:12px solid #ffffff;top:-8px;left:290px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-pointer .mwe-popups-extract{padding-top:16px;margin-top:200px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-pointer > div > a > svg{margin-top:-8px;position:absolute;z-index:113;left:0}.mwe-popups.flipped-x.mwe-popups-is-tall{min-height:242px}.mwe-popups.flipped-x.mwe-popups-is-tall::before{content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:9px solid #a2a9b1;top:-9px;left:420px;z-index:111}.mwe-popups.flipped-x.mwe-popups-is-tall > div > a > svg{margin:0;margin-top:-8px;margin-bottom:-7px;position:absolute;z-index:113;right:0}.mwe-popups.flipped-x.mwe-popups-is-tall .mwe-popups-extract{margin-top:8px}.mwe-popups.flipped-x-y::before{content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:9px solid #a2a9b1;bottom:-9px;left:293px;z-index:111}.mwe-popups.flipped-x-y::after{content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:12px solid #ffffff;bottom:-8px;left:290px;z-index:112}.mwe-popups.flipped-x-y.mwe-popups-is-tall{min-height:242px}.mwe-popups.flipped-x-y.mwe-popups-is-tall::before{content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:9px solid #a2a9b1;bottom:-9px;left:420px}.mwe-popups.flipped-x-y.mwe-popups-is-tall::after{content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:12px solid #ffffff;bottom:-8px;left:417px}.mwe-popups.flipped-x-y.mwe-popups-is-tall > div > a > svg{margin:0;margin-bottom:-9px;position:absolute;z-index:113;right:0}.mwe-popups.flipped-y::before{content:'';position:absolute;border:8px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:8px solid #a2a9b1;bottom:-8px;left:10px}.mwe-popups.flipped-y::after{content:'';position:absolute;border:11px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:11px solid #ffffff;bottom:-7px;left:7px}.mwe-popups-is-tall polyline{transform:translate(0,0)}.mwe-popups-is-tall.flipped-x-y polyline{transform:translate(0,-8px)}.mwe-popups-is-tall.flipped-x polyline{transform:translate(0,8px)}.rtl .mwe-popups-is-tall polyline{transform:translate(-100%,0)}.rtl .mwe-popups-is-tall.flipped-x-y polyline{transform:translate(-100%,-8px)}.rtl .mwe-popups-is-tall.flipped-x polyline{transform:translate(-100%,8px)}@supports (clip-path:polygon(1px 1px)){.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-thumbnail{display:block;object-fit:cover;outline:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract[dir='rtl'] + footer{ left:unset; right:0}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract[dir='rtl'] + footer .mwe-popups-settings-button{ float:left}.mwe-popups.flipped-y .mwe-popups-discreet,.mwe-popups.flipped-x-y .mwe-popups-discreet{margin-bottom:0}.mwe-popups.flipped-y .mwe-popups-container,.mwe-popups.flipped-x-y .mwe-popups-container{--y1:100%;--y2:calc(100% - var(--pointer-height));--y3:calc(100% - var(--pointer-height) - var(--pseudo-radius));--y4:var(--pseudo-radius);--y5:0;margin-bottom:-9px;margin-top:0}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container{--x1:0;--x2:var(--pseudo-radius);--x3:calc(var(--pointer-offset) - (var(--pointer-width) / 2));--x4:var(--pointer-offset);--x5:calc(var(--pointer-offset) + (var(--pointer-width) / 2));--x6:calc(100% - var(--pseudo-radius));--x7:100%;--y1:0;--y2:var(--pointer-height);--y3:calc(var(--pointer-height) + var(--pseudo-radius));--y4:calc(100% - var(--pseudo-radius));--y5:100%;padding-top:0;display:flex;background:#fff;--pseudo-radius:2px;--pointer-height:8px;--pointer-width:16px;--pointer-offset:26px;clip-path:polygon(var(--x2) var(--y2),var(--x3) var(--y2),var(--x4) var(--y1),var(--x5) var(--y2),var(--x6) var(--y2),var(--x7) var(--y3),var(--x7) var(--y4),var(--x6) var(--y5),var(--x2) var(--y5),var(--x1) var(--y4),var(--x1) var(--y3))}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall{flex-direction:row}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall .mwe-popups-discreet{order:1}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall .mwe-popups-discreet .mwe-popups-thumbnail{width:203px;box-sizing:border-box;height:250px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall .mwe-popups-thumbnail{width:320px;height:192px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall .mwe-popups-container{flex-direction:column}.mwe-popups::before{display:none}.mwe-popups::after{display:none}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-pointer .mwe-popups-discreet{margin-bottom:0}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-pointer .mwe-popups-extract{margin-top:0}.mwe-popups:not(.flipped-y):not(.flipped-x-y):not(.mwe-popups-image-pointer) .mwe-popups-extract{padding-top:var(--pointer-height)}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-generic:not(.flipped-y):not(.flipped-x-y) .mwe-popups-extract,.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-disambiguation:not(.flipped-y):not(.flipped-x-y) .mwe-popups-extract{margin-bottom:calc(58px - var(--pointer-height))}body.ltr .mwe-popups.flipped-x .mwe-popups-container,body.ltr .mwe-popups.flipped-x-y .mwe-popups-container,body.rtl .mwe-popups:not(.flipped-x):not(.flipped-x-y) .mwe-popups-container{--x3:calc(100% - var(--pointer-offset) - (var(--pointer-width) / 2));--x4:calc(100% - var(--pointer-offset));--x5:calc(100% - var(--pointer-offset) + (var(--pointer-width) / 2))}}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-title{display:block;margin-bottom:12px}.mwe-popups-type-generic.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-title{font-weight:normal;margin:0}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract .popups-icon{padding:0 8px 0 0}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-generic .mwe-popups-extract,.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-disambiguation .mwe-popups-extract{min-height:auto}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-generic .mwe-popups-read-link,.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-disambiguation .mwe-popups-read-link{font-weight:bold;font-size:12px;text-decoration:none}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-generic .mwe-popups-extract:hover + footer .mwe-popups-read-link,.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-disambiguation .mwe-popups-extract:hover + footer .mwe-popups-read-link,.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-generic .mwe-popups-read-link:hover,.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-disambiguation .mwe-popups-read-link:hover{text-decoration:underline}#mw-content-text .reference a[href*='#'] *{pointer-events:none}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-reference .mwe-popups-title .mw-ui-icon-reference-note{display:none}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-reference .mwe-popups-extract{margin-right:0;max-height:inherit}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-reference .mwe-popups-extract .mwe-popups-scroll{max-height:348px;overflow:auto;padding-right:16px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-reference .mwe-popups-extract .mw-parser-output{overflow-wrap:break-word}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-reference .mwe-popups-extract::after{display:none}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-reference .mwe-popups-extract .mwe-popups-fade{position:absolute;width:100%;height:20px;background-color:transparent;background-image:linear-gradient(rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff);opacity:0;pointer-events:none;transition:opacity 250ms ease}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-reference .mwe-popups-extract.mwe-popups-fade-out .mwe-popups-fade{opacity:1}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-reference .mwe-collapsible-placeholder{font-weight:bold;margin:1em 0;position:relative}.mwe-popups-overlay{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.9);z-index:999;position:fixed;height:100%;width:100%;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center}#mwe-popups-svg{position:absolute;top:-1000px}.popups-icon{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px));min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25em;height:1.25em;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}.popups-icon--size-small{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1em,16px));min-width:16px;min-height:16px;width:1em;height:1em}.mwe-popups-overlay .cdx-button.cdx-button--icon-only span + span,.mwe-popups .cdx-button.cdx-button--icon-only span + span{display:block;position:absolute !important; clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;border:0;padding:0;overflow:hidden}
.mw-ui-button{background-color:#f8f9fa;border-color:#a2a9b1;color:#202122;display:inline-block;box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;border-width:1px;border-style:solid;border-radius:2px;vertical-align:middle;font-family:inherit;font-size:1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.28571429em;text-align:center; -webkit-appearance:none}.mw-ui-button:not(.mw-ui-icon-element){min-height:32px;min-width:4em;max-width:28.75em;padding:5px 12px}.mw-ui-button:not(:disabled){border-color:#a2a9b1;transition-property:background-color,color,border-color,box-shadow;transition-duration:100ms}.mw-ui-button:not(:disabled):visited{color:#202122}.mw-ui-button:not(:disabled):hover{background-color:#ffffff;color:#404244;cursor:pointer}.mw-ui-button:not(:disabled):focus{color:#202122;border-color:#3366cc;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #3366cc;outline:1px solid transparent}.mw-ui-button:not(:disabled):focus::-moz-focus-inner{border-color:transparent;padding:0}.mw-ui-button:not(:disabled):active,.mw-ui-button:not(:disabled).is-on{background-color:#eaecf0;color:#000000;border-color:#72777d;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button:disabled{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#ffffff;border-color:#c8ccd1;cursor:default}input[type='checkbox']:hover + .mw-ui-button,.mw-ui-button:hover{background-color:#ffffff;color:#404244}input[type='checkbox']:focus + .mw-ui-button,.mw-ui-button:focus{color:#202122;border-color:#3366cc;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #3366cc;outline:1px solid transparent}input[type='checkbox']:active + .mw-ui-button,.mw-ui-button:active{background-color:#eaecf0;color:#000000;border-color:#72777d;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-icon-element:not(.mw-ui-icon-with-label-desktop){color:transparent !important}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-icon-element:not(.mw-ui-icon-with-label-desktop) span:not(.mw-ui-icon){display:block;position:absolute !important; clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;border:0;padding:0;overflow:hidden}@media all and (max-width:1000px){.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-icon-element.mw-ui-icon-with-label-desktop{color:transparent !important}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-icon-element span:not(.mw-ui-icon){display:block;position:absolute !important; clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;border:0;padding:0;overflow:hidden}}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-progressive,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-destructive{background-color:transparent;color:#202122;border-color:transparent;font-weight:bold}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:not(.mw-ui-icon-element),.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-progressive:not(.mw-ui-icon-element),.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-destructive:not(.mw-ui-icon-element){min-height:32px}input[type='checkbox']:hover + .mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet,input[type='checkbox']:hover + .mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-progressive,input[type='checkbox']:hover + .mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-destructive,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:hover,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-progressive:hover,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-destructive:hover{background-color:rgba(0,24,73,0.027);color:#202122}input[type='checkbox']:focus + .mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet,input[type='checkbox']:focus + .mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-progressive,input[type='checkbox']:focus + .mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-destructive,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:focus,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-progressive:focus,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-destructive:focus{color:#202122;border-color:#3366cc;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #3366cc}input[type='checkbox']:active + .mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet,input[type='checkbox']:active + .mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-progressive,input[type='checkbox']:active + .mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-destructive,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-progressive:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-destructive:active{background-color:rgba(0,24,73,0.082);color:#000000;border-color:#72777d;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:disabled,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-progressive:disabled,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-destructive:disabled,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:disabled:hover,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-progressive:disabled:hover,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-destructive:disabled:hover,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:disabled:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-progressive:disabled:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-destructive:disabled:active{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0);color:#72777d;border-color:transparent}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:not(:disabled){background-color:#3366cc;color:#ffffff;border-color:#3366cc}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:not(:disabled):hover{background-color:#447ff5;border-color:#447ff5}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:not(:disabled):focus{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #3366cc,inset 0 0 0 2px #ffffff}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:not(:disabled):active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:not(:disabled).is-on{background-color:#2a4b8d;border-color:#2a4b8d;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:disabled{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#ffffff;border-color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0);color:#3366cc;border-color:transparent}input[type='checkbox']:hover + .mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet:hover{background-color:rgba(52,123,255,0.2);color:#447ff5;border-color:transparent}input[type='checkbox']:focus + .mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet:focus{color:#3366cc;border-color:#3366cc}input[type='checkbox']:active + .mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet:active{color:#ffffff;background-color:#2a4b8d;border-color:#2a4b8d}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:not(:disabled){background-color:#d73333;color:#ffffff;border-color:#d73333}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:not(:disabled):hover{background-color:#ff4242;border-color:#ff4242}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:not(:disabled):focus{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #d73333,inset 0 0 0 2px #ffffff}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:not(:disabled):active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:not(:disabled).is-on{background-color:#b32424;border-color:#b32424;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:disabled{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#ffffff;border-color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet{color:#d73333;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0);border-color:transparent}input[type='checkbox']:hover + .mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet:hover{background-color:#ff4242;border-color:transparent;color:#ff4242}input[type='checkbox']:focus + .mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet:focus{color:#d73333;border-color:#d73333}input[type='checkbox']:active + .mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet:active{color:#ffffff;background-color:#b32424;border-color:#b32424}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-big{font-size:1.3em}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-block{display:block;width:100%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}a.mw-ui-button{text-decoration:none}a.mw-ui-button:hover,a.mw-ui-button:focus{text-decoration:none}.mw-ui-button-group > *{min-width:48px;border-radius:0;float:left}.mw-ui-button-group > *:first-child{border-top-left-radius:2px;border-bottom-left-radius:2px}.mw-ui-button-group > *:not(:first-child){border-left:0}.mw-ui-button-group > *:last-child{border-top-right-radius:2px;border-bottom-right-radius:2px}.mw-ui-button-group .is-on .button{cursor:default}</style><meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/load.css">
<meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.41.0-wmf.23">
<meta name="referrer" content="origin">
<meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-crossorigin">
<meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin">
<meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard">
<meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no">
<meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_%28white_background%29.png/1200px-SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_%28white_background%29.png">
<meta property="og:image:width" content="1200">
<meta property="og:image:height" content="1049">
<meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_%28white_background%29.png/800px-SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_%28white_background%29.png">
<meta property="og:image:width" content="800">
<meta property="og:image:height" content="699">
<meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_%28white_background%29.png/640px-SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_%28white_background%29.png">
<meta property="og:image:width" content="640">
<meta property="og:image:height" content="559">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=1000">
<meta property="og:title" content="Tardigrade - Wikipedia">
<meta property="og:type" content="website">
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/">
<link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 720px)" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrade">
<link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png">
<link rel="icon" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico">
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="Wikipedia (en)">
<link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrade">
<link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">
<link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&amp;feed=atom">
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/">
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://login.wikimedia.org/">
</head>
<body class="skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Tardigrade rootpage-Tardigrade skin-vector-2022 action-view uls-dialog-sticky-hide"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a>
<div class="vector-header-container">
<header class="vector-header mw-header">
<div class="vector-header-start">
<nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site" role="navigation">
<div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right">
<input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu">
<label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span>
<span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span>
</label>
<div class="vector-dropdown-content">
<div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container">
<div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element">
<div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" data-saved-pinned-state="false">
<div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div>
<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button>
<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button>
</div>
<div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation">
<div class="vector-menu-heading">
Navigation
</div>
<div class="vector-menu-content">
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">
<li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [⌃⌥z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [⌃⌥x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li><li id="n-sitesupport" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=en" title="Support us by donating to the Wikimedia Foundation"><span>Donate</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction">
<div class="vector-menu-heading">
Contribute
</div>
<div class="vector-menu-content">
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">
<li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [⌃⌥r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vector-main-menu-action vector-main-menu-action-lang-alert">
<div class="vector-main-menu-action-item">
<div class="vector-main-menu-action-heading vector-menu-heading">Languages</div>
<div class="vector-main-menu-action-content vector-menu-content">
<div class="mw-message-box cdx-message cdx-message--block mw-message-box-notice cdx-message--notice vector-language-sidebar-alert"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content">Language links are at the top of the page across from the title.</div></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo">
<img class="mw-logo-icon" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50">
<span class="mw-logo-container">
<img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;">
<img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;">
</span>
</a>
</div>
<div class="vector-header-end">
<div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" id="" title="Search Wikipedia [⌃⌥f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span>
<span>Search</span>
</a>
<div class="vector-typeahead-search-container">
<div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width">
<form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button">
<div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved">
<div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon">
<input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [⌃⌥f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" autocomplete="off">
<span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search">
</div>
<button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<nav class="vector-user-links" aria-label="Personal tools" role="navigation">
<div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-vector-user-menu-overflow">
<div class="vector-menu-content">
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">
<li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&amp;returnto=Tardigrade" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=Tardigrade" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [⌃⌥o]" accesskey="o"><span>Log in</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options">
<input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools">
<label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span>
<span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span>
</label>
<div class="vector-dropdown-content">
<div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu">
<div class="vector-menu-content">
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">
<li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&amp;returnto=Tardigrade" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=Tardigrade" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [⌃⌥o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor">
<div class="vector-menu-heading">
Pages for logged out editors <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a>
</div>
<div class="vector-menu-content">
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">
<li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [⌃⌥y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [⌃⌥n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
</div>
</header>
</div>
<div class="mw-page-container">
<div class="mw-page-container-inner">
<div class="vector-main-menu-container ">
<div id="mw-navigation">
<nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site" role="navigation">
<div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container">
</div>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vector-sitenotice-container">
<div id="siteNotice"><div id="centralNotice"></div><!-- CentralNotice --></div>
</div>
<input type="checkbox" id="vector-toc-collapsed-checkbox" class="vector-menu-checkbox">
<nav id="mw-panel-toc" role="navigation" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark vector-sticky-pinned-container">
<div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container">
<div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element">
<div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc">
<h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2>
<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button>
<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button>
</div>
<ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list">
<li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-level-1-active vector-toc-list-item-active">
<a href="#" class="vector-toc-link">
<div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div>
</a>
</li>
<li id="toc-Naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span>Naming</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span>Description</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-Habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span>Habitat</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-Anatomy_and_morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy_and_morphology">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span>Anatomy and morphology</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Anatomy_and_morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span>Reproduction</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-Ecology_and_life_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology_and_life_history">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span>Ecology and life history</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Ecology_and_life_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-Physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiology">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span>Physiology</div>
</a>
<button aria-controls="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle" aria-expanded="true">
<span class="vector-icon vector-icon--x-small mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span>
<span>Toggle Physiology subsection</span>
</button>
<ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
<li id="toc-Survival_after_exposure_to_outer_space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survival_after_exposure_to_outer_space">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span>Survival after exposure to outer space</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Survival_after_exposure_to_outer_space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span>Taxonomy</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-Evolutionary_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_history">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span>Evolutionary history</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Evolutionary_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-Genomes_and_genome_sequencing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genomes_and_genome_sequencing">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span>Genomes and genome sequencing</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Genomes_and_genome_sequencing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-Ecological_importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_importance">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span>Ecological importance</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Ecological_importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span>In popular culture</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span>See also</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span>References</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span>External links</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
<div class="mw-content-container">
<main id="content" class="mw-body" role="main">
<header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar">
<label id="vector-toc-collapsed-button" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet vector-button-flush-left cdx-button--icon-only" for="vector-toc-collapsed-checkbox" role="button" aria-controls="vector-toc" tabindex="0" title="Table of Contents">
<span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span>
<span>Toggle the table of contents</span>
</label>
<nav role="navigation" aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark">
<div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left">
<input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents">
<label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span>
<span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span>
</label>
<div class="vector-dropdown-content">
<div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tardigrade</span></h1>
<div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang">
<input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 90 languages">
<label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span>
<span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">90 languages</span>
</label>
<div class="vector-dropdown-content">
<div class="vector-menu-content">
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterbeertjie" title="Waterbeertjie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A4rtierchen" title="Bärtierchen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%83_%E1%8B%B5%E1%89%A5" title="የውሃ ድብ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88" title="بطيء الخطو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1" title="টাৰডিগ্ৰেড – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Frinc%C9%99klil%C9%99r" title="Ərincəklilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%87_%D8%A2%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سۇ آییلاری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1" title="টারডিগ্রেড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D2%AF%D1%81%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Аҡрын йөрөүсөләр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Ціхаходкі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Ціхаходкі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Бавноходки – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tard%C3%ADgrads" title="Tardígrads – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelvu%C5%A1ky" title="Želvušky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arafsymudwr" title="Arafsymudwr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnedyr" title="Bjørnedyr – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge" style=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A4rtierchen" title="Bärtierchen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C4%AFdl%C3%A1%C3%A1dk%C3%A1%C3%A1%CA%BC_naat%CA%BCi%CA%BC%C3%AD" title="Tsįdláádkááʼ naatʼiʼí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loimurid" title="Loimurid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B4%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Βραδύπορα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item" style=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigradoj" title="Tardigradoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="خرس آبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item" style=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ar_uisce" title="Béar uisce – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tard%C3%ADgrados" title="Tardígrados – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item" style=""><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%84%EB%B3%B4%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC" title="완보동물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BB" title="Ջրային արջ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1" title="टार्डीग्रेड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugo%C5%BEivci" title="Dugoživci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8A%E1%92%83%E1%94%AD%E1%91%AF%E1%93%97%E1%92%83" title="ᐊᒃᔭᑯᓗᒃ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessad%C3%BDr" title="Bessadýr – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item" style=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="דובוני מים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಟಾರ್ಡಿಗ್ರೇಡ್‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ნელამავალნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жайбасар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidudu-dubu" title="Kidudu-dubu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Мызыргышывлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B2" title="ຕາກດີກະລາດາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gausk%C4%81ji" title="Gauskāji – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%97t%C5%ABnai" title="Lėtūnai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerbieskes" title="Beerbieskes – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrado" title="Tardigrado – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medve%C3%A1llatk%C3%A1k" title="Medveállatkák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1" title="ടാർഡിഗ്രാഡ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A1%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="لءبي – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge" style="display: none;"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerdiertjes" title="Beerdiertjes – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%A9%E6%AD%A9%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="緩歩動物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerdiarten" title="Beerdiarten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnedyr" title="Bjørnedyr – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnedyr" title="Bjørnedyr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaranbullee_bisaani" title="Qaranbullee bisaani – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DA%86%DA%BE" title="پانی رچھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterboren" title="Waterboren – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niesporczaki" title="Niesporczaki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%27uthatki" title="Lat'uthatki – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item" style=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Тихоходки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomalky" title="Pomalky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%8Dasniki" title="Počasniki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Водени медвед – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugo%C5%BEivci" title="Dugoživci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karhukaiset" title="Karhukaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%B6gkrypare" title="Trögkrypare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item" style=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="நீர்க் கரடி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Әкрен йөрүчеләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3" title="หมีน้ำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Тихоходи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88" title="ٹارڈیگریڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item" style=""><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%E1%BA%A5u_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Gấu nước – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BC%93%E6%AD%A5%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E9%97%A8" title="缓步动物门 – Wu Chinese" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%86%8A%E8%9F%B2" title="水熊蟲 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item" style=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BC%93%E6%AD%A5%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E9%97%A8" title="缓步动物门 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li>
<button class="mw-interlanguage-selector mw-ui-button" title="All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)">81 more</button></ul>
<div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5194#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="vector-page-toolbar">
<div class="vector-page-toolbar-container">
<div id="left-navigation">
<nav aria-label="Namespaces">
<div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages">
<div class="vector-menu-content">
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">
<li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrade" title="View the content page [⌃⌥c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Tardigrade" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [⌃⌥t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="p-variants" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet">
<input type="checkbox" id="p-variants-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-variants" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant">
<label id="p-variants-label" for="p-variants-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true"><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span>
</label>
<div class="vector-dropdown-content">
<div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet">
<div class="vector-menu-content">
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
</div>
<div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible">
<nav aria-label="Views">
<div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views">
<div class="vector-menu-content">
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">
<li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrade"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit" title="Edit this page [⌃⌥e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [⌃⌥h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
<nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="More options">
<div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown">
<input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools">
<label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true"><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span>
</label>
<div class="vector-dropdown-content">
<div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container">
<div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element">
<div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" data-saved-pinned-state="false">
<div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div>
<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button>
<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button>
</div>
<div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options">
<div class="vector-menu-heading">
Actions
</div>
<div class="vector-menu-content">
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">
<li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrade"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit" title="Edit this page [⌃⌥e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb">
<div class="vector-menu-heading">
General
</div>
<div class="vector-menu-content">
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">
<li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Tardigrade" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [⌃⌥j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Tardigrade" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [⌃⌥k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [⌃⌥u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [⌃⌥q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;oldid=1172171143" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&amp;page=Tardigrade&amp;id=1172171143&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5194" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [⌃⌥g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li>
<li class="mw-list-item mw-list-item-js" id="wbc-editpage"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5194#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links"><span>Edit interlanguage links</span></a></li></ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export">
<div class="vector-menu-heading">
Print/export
</div>
<div class="vector-menu-content">
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">
<li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Tardigrade&amp;action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [⌃⌥p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects">
<div class="vector-menu-heading">
In other projects
</div>
<div class="vector-menu-content">
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">
<li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tardigrada" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vector-column-end">
<nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark vector-sticky-pinned-container" aria-label="More options">
<div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container">
</div>
</nav>
</div>
<div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container="">
<div class="vector-body-before-content">
<div class="mw-indicators">
</div>
<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
</div>
<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div>
<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Phylum of microscopic animals, also known as water bears</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tardigrada" redirects here. For the suborder of mammals, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloth" title="Sloth">sloth</a>.</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Moss Piglets" redirects here. For the <i>South Park</i> episode, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss_Piglets_(South_Park)" title="Moss Piglets (South Park)">Moss Piglets (<i>South Park</i>)</a>.</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097763485">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-Merge_from plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/50px-Mergefrom.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/75px-Mergefrom.svg.webp 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Mergefrom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="20"></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrades_on_the_Moon" title="Tardigrades on the Moon">Tardigrades on the Moon</a></i> be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">merged</a> into this article. (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Tardigrade" title="Talk:Tardigrade">Discuss</a>)<small><i> Proposed since June 2023.</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Tardigrade<br><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Turonian–Recent</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;">
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div>
<div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:37.636923076923px; width:182.36307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:188.21846153846px; width:31.781538461538px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:189.21846153846px; width:29.781538461538px; background-color:#6c3;"></div>
</div>
</div></span>
Possible <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> Record</div>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_(white_background).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_jou_003.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_jou_005.png 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_jou_002.png 2x" data-file-width="1379" data-file-height="1205"></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milnesium_tardigradum" title="Milnesium tardigradum">Milnesium tardigradum</a></i>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutardigrade" title="Eutardigrade">eutardigrade</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Echiniscus_insularis_(10.3897-evolsyst.5.59997)_Figure_6_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Echiniscus_insularis_(10.3897-evolsyst.5.59997)_Figure_6_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Echiniscus_insularis_(10.3897-evolsyst.5.59997)_Figure_6_003.jpg 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Echiniscus_insularis_(10.3897-evolsyst.5.59997)_Figure_6_(wh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1946" data-file-height="1360"></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echiniscus" title="Echiniscus">Echiniscus insularis</a></i>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotardigrade" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterotardigrade">heterotardigrade</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Tardigrada" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg_003.webp" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg_002.webp 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></span></span>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Domain:
</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Kingdom:
</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Subkingdom:
</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eumetazoa" title="Eumetazoa">Eumetazoa</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>Clade</i>:
</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ParaHoxozoa" title="ParaHoxozoa">ParaHoxozoa</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>Clade</i>:
</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>Clade</i>:
</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrozoa" title="Nephrozoa">Nephrozoa</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>(unranked):
</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">Protostomia</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Superphylum:
</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>(unranked):
</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panarthropoda" title="Panarthropoda">Panarthropoda</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Phylum:
</td>
<td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tardigrada</a><br><small><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazzaro_Spallanzani" title="Lazzaro Spallanzani">Spallanzani</a>, 1777</small>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Classes
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: left">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutardigrada" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutardigrada">Eutardigrada</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotardigrada" title="Heterotardigrada">Heterotardigrada</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesotardigrada" title="Mesotardigrada">Mesotardigrada</a> (dubious)</li></ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p><b>Tardigrades</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> known colloquially as <b>water bears</b> or <b>moss piglets</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-American_Scientist_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Scientist-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WRD-20140321_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRD-20140321-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> are a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum</a> of eight-legged <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmentation_(biology)" title="Segmentation (biology)">segmented</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-animal">micro-animals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Scientist_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Scientist-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> They were first described by the German zoologist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_August_Ephraim_Goeze" title="Johann August Ephraim Goeze">Johann August Ephraim Goeze</a> in 1773, who called them <b>Kleiner Wasserbär</b> ("little water bear").<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> In 1777, the Italian biologist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazzaro_Spallanzani" title="Lazzaro Spallanzani">Lazzaro Spallanzani</a> named them <b>Tardigrada</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>), which means "slow steppers".<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenstein_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenstein-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>Popular culture has recently elevated awareness of tardigrades in
fictional settings and with fictional attributes, likely extending on
the fact of their (actual) extreme hardiness. However, this evidences a
perception "assignment problem" with tardigrades: as they branched off
the evolutionary tree extremely long ago, it is difficult to place them
in a conventional context, e.g. the "arthropods" spiders, crabs, etc.,
to which they are likely distantly related, but do not belong.
</p><p>They have been found in diverse regions of Earth's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a>&nbsp;– mountaintops, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_sea" title="Deep sea">deep sea</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforests</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenstein_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenstein-8">[8]</a></sup> Tardigrades are among the most resilient animals known,<sup id="cite_ref-WP-20170714_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-20170714-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20170714_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20170714-10">[10]</a></sup> with individual species able to survive extreme conditions – such as exposure to extreme temperatures, extreme <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressures" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressures">pressures</a> (both high and low), air deprivation, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starvation</a> – that would quickly kill most other known forms of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> Tardigrades have survived exposure to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> There are about 1,300 known species<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum</a> Tardigrada, a part of the superphylum <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a> consisting of animals that grow by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">ecdysis</a> such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a>. The earliest known true members of the group are known from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>
(145 to 66 million years ago) amber, found in North America, but are
essentially modern forms, and therefore likely have a significantly
earlier origin, as they diverged from their closest relatives in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a>, over 500 million years ago.
</p><p>Tardigrades are usually about 0.5&nbsp;mm (0.020&nbsp;in) long when fully grown.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Scientist_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Scientist-2">[2]</a></sup> They are short and plump, with four pairs of legs, each ending in claws (usually four to eight) or suction disks.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Scientist_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Scientist-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nelson-CurrentStatus_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-CurrentStatus-15">[15]</a></sup> Tardigrades are prevalent in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a> and feed on plant cells, algae, and small invertebrates. When collected, they may be viewed under a low-power <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a>, making them accessible to students and amateur scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p>
<meta property="mw:PageProp/toc">
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Naming">Naming</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Naming">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johann_August_Ephraim_Goeze1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/220px-Johann_August_Ephraim_Goeze1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/330px-Johann_August_Ephraim_Goeze1.jpg 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/440px-Johann_August_Ephraim_Goeze1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="600"></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_August_Ephraim_Goeze" title="Johann August Ephraim Goeze">Johann August Ephraim Goeze</a></figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_August_Ephraim_Goeze" title="Johann August Ephraim Goeze">Johann August Ephraim Goeze</a> originally named the tardigrade <i>Kleiner Wasserbär</i>, meaning "little water-bear" in German (today, they are often referred to in German as <i>Bärtierchen</i> or "little bear-animal"). The name "water-bear" comes from the way they walk, reminiscent of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bear</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gait" title="Gait">gait</a>. The name <i>Tardigradum</i> means "slow walker" and was given by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazzaro_Spallanzani" title="Lazzaro Spallanzani">Lazzaro Spallanzani</a> in 1777.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenstein_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenstein-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waterbear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Waterbear_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Waterbear.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="266"></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">SEM</a> image of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsibius_dujardini" title="Hypsibius dujardini">Hypsibius dujardini</a></i></figcaption></figure>
<p>The largest adults may reach a body length of 1.5&nbsp;mm
(0.059&nbsp;in), the smallest below 0.1&nbsp;mm (0.0039&nbsp;in). Newly
hatched tardigrades may be smaller than 0.05&nbsp;mm (0.0020&nbsp;in).
For comparison, grass pollen is typically 0.025–0.04&nbsp;mm
(0.00098–0.00157&nbsp;in).
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Habitat">Habitat</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Habitat">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Tardigrades are often found on lichens and mosses, for example by soaking a piece of moss in water.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> Other environments in which they are found include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">dunes</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coasts</a> generally, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_litter" title="Plant litter">leaf litter</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">marine</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> sediments, where they may occur quite frequently, up to 25,000 animals per litre (95,000 animals per gallon). One tardigrade, <i>Echiniscoides wyethi</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-AP-20150929_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20150929-18">[18]</a></sup> may be found on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnacle" title="Barnacle">barnacles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PBSW_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBSW-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Anatomy_and_morphology">Anatomy and morphology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Anatomy and morphology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Tardigrades have barrel-shaped bodies with four pairs of stubby legs.
Most range from 0.3 to 0.5&nbsp;mm (0.012 to 0.020&nbsp;in) in length,
although the largest species may reach 1.2&nbsp;mm (0.047&nbsp;in).<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenstein_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenstein-8">[8]</a></sup> The body consists of a head, three body <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segment_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Segment (biology)">segments</a> each with a pair of legs, and a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Anterior_and_posterior" title="Anatomical terms of location">caudal</a> segment with a fourth pair of legs. The legs are without <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint (anatomy)">joints</a>, while the feet have four to eight claws each. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuticle" title="Cuticle">cuticle</a> contains <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> and is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">moulted</a>
periodically. The first three pairs of legs are directed downward along
the sides and are the primary means of locomotion, while the fourth
pair is directed backward on the last segment of the trunk and is used
primarily for grasping the substrate.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tardigrades lack several <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hox_gene" title="Hox gene">Hox genes</a>
and a large intermediate region of the body axis. In insects, this
corresponds to the entire thorax and the abdomen. Practically the whole
body, except for the last pair of legs, is made up of just the segments
that are homologous to the head region in arthropods.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>All adult tardigrades of the same species have the same number of cells (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutely" title="Eutely">eutely</a>). Some species have as many as 40,000 cells in each adult, while others have far fewer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (June 2023)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seki98_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seki98-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p><p>The body cavity consists of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemocoel" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemocoel">haemocoel</a>, but the only place where a true <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelom" title="Coelom">coelom</a> can be found is around the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonad</a>.
No respiratory organs are found, with gas exchange able to occur across
the entirety of the body. Some tardigrades have three tubular glands
associated with the rectum; these may be excretory organs similar to the
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malpighian_tubule" class="mw-redirect" title="Malpighian tubule">Malpighian tubules</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>, although the details remain unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-24">[24]</a></sup> Also, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephridium" title="Nephridium">nephridia</a> are absent.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p>The tubular mouth is armed with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylet_(anatomy)" title="Stylet (anatomy)">stylets</a>, which are used to pierce the plant cells, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>,
or small invertebrates on which the tardigrades feed, releasing the
body fluids or cell contents. The mouth opens into a triradiate,
muscular, sucking <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a>. The stylets are lost when the animal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molting" class="mw-redirect" title="Molting">molts</a>, and a new pair is secreted from a pair of glands that lie on either side of the mouth. The pharynx connects to a short <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a>,
and then to an intestine that occupies much of the length of the body,
which is the main site of digestion. The intestine opens, via a short
rectum, to an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anus</a>
located at the terminal end of the body. Some species only defecate
when they molt, leaving the feces behind with the shed cuticle.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>The brain develops in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry_in_biology#Bilateral_symmetry" title="Symmetry in biology">bilaterally symmetric</a> pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26052416_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26052416-26">[26]</a></sup>
Tardigrades have a dorsal brain atop a paired ventral nervous system.
The brain includes multiple lobes, mostly consisting of three
bilaterally paired clusters of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> The brain is attached to a large <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganglion" title="Ganglion">ganglion</a> below the esophagus, from which a double <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_nervous_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral nervous system">ventral nerve cord</a>
runs the length of the body. The cord possesses one ganglion per
segment, each of which produces lateral nerve fibres that run into the
limbs. Many species possess a pair of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ommatidium#rhabdomere" title="Ommatidium">rhabdomeric</a> pigment-cup eyes, and numerous sensory bristles are on the head and body.<sup id="cite_ref-Greven2007_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greven2007-28">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tardigrades all possess a buccopharyngeal apparatus (swallowing
device made of muscles and spines that activates an inner jaw and begins
digestion and movement along the throat and intestine<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup>) which, along with the claws, is used to differentiate species.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Reproduction">Reproduction</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Reproduction">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TardigradeEggsInShedCuticle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/TardigradeEggsInShedCuticle_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/TardigradeEggsInShedCuticle_003.jpg 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/TardigradeEggsInShedCuticle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024"></a><figcaption>Shed cuticle of female tardigrade, containing eggs</figcaption></figure>
<p>Although some species are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">parthenogenic</a>, both males and females are usually present, although females are frequently larger and more common. Both sexes have a single <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonad</a>
located above the intestine. Two ducts run from the testes in males,
opening through a single pore in front of the anus. In contrast, females
have a single duct opening either just above the anus or directly into
the rectum, which forms a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloaca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tardigrades are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviparous" class="mw-redirect" title="Oviparous">oviparous</a>, and fertilization is usually external. Mating occurs during the molt with the eggs being laid inside the shed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuticle" title="Cuticle">cuticle</a>
of the female and then covered with sperm. A few species have internal
fertilization, with mating occurring before the female fully sheds her
cuticle. In most cases, the eggs are left inside the shed cuticle to
develop, but some species attach them to a nearby substrate.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>The eggs hatch after no more than 14 days, with the young already possessing their full complement of adult <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>. Growth to the adult size occurs by enlargement of the individual cells (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertrophy" title="Hypertrophy">hypertrophy</a>), rather than by cell division. Tardigrades may molt up to 12 times.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tardigrades tend to court before mating. Courtship is an early
step in mating and was first observed in tardigrades in 1895. Research
shows that up to nine males aggregate around a female to mate.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Ecology_and_life_history">Ecology and life history</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Ecology and life history">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><span class="mw-tmh-player video"><video id="mwe_player_0_placeholder" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Tardigrade_in_real_time.ogv/220px--Tardigrade_in_real_time.ogv.jpg" preload="none" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="126" data-mwtitle="Tardigrade_in_real_time.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Tardigrade_in_real_time.ogv" disabled="disabled" tabindex="-1" style="aspect-ratio: 220 / 165;"></video><a class="mw-tmh-play" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tardigrade_in_real_time.ogv" title="Play media" role="button"><span class="mw-tmh-play-icon"></span></a><span class="mw-tmh-duration mw-tmh-label" aria-label="2 minutes and 6 seconds">2:06</span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tardigrade_in_real_time.ogv" class="mw-file-magnify"></a><figcaption>Video of tardigrade under the microscope</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><span class="mw-tmh-player video"><video id="mwe_player_1_placeholder" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_280%D1%85.webm/220px--%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_280%D1%85.webm.jpg" preload="none" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="178" data-mwtitle="Тихоходки,_темное_поле_280х.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8,_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_280%D1%85.webm" disabled="disabled" tabindex="-1" style="aspect-ratio: 220 / 165;"></video><a class="mw-tmh-play" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8,_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_280%D1%85.webm" title="Play media" role="button"><span class="mw-tmh-play-icon"></span></a><span class="mw-tmh-duration mw-tmh-label" aria-label="2 minutes and 58 seconds">2:58</span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8,_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_280%D1%85.webm" class="mw-file-magnify"></a><figcaption>Living tardigrades moving around</figcaption></figure>
<p>Most tardigrades are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytophagous" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytophagous">phytophagous</a> (plant eaters) or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bacteriophagous" class="extiw" title="wikt:bacteriophagous">bacteriophagous</a> (bacteria eaters), but some are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivorous</a> to the extent that they eat smaller species of tardigrades (e.g., <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milnesium_tardigradum" title="Milnesium tardigradum">Milnesium tardigradum</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tardigrades share morphological characteristics with many species
that differ largely by class. Biologists have a difficult time finding
verification among tardigrade species because of this relationship.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These animals are most closely related to the early evolution of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brent_Nichols_2005_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brent_Nichols_2005-33">[33]</a></sup> Tardigrade fossils go as far back as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>
period in North America. Tardigrades are considered cosmopolitan and
can be located in regions all over the world. The eggs and cysts of
tardigrades are so durable that they can be carried great distances on
the feet of other animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson-CurrentStatus_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-CurrentStatus-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tardigrades have survived all five recognized <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass extinction">mass extinctions</a>
due to their plethora of survival characteristics, including the
ability to survive conditions that would be fatal to almost all other
animals (see the next section).
</p><p>The lifespan of tardigrades ranges from three to four months for
some species, up to two years for other species, not counting their time
in dormant states.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Physiology">Physiology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Physiology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hypsibiusdujardini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Hypsibiusdujardini_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Hypsibiusdujardini.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="237"></a><figcaption><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsibius_dujardini" title="Hypsibius dujardini">Hypsibius dujardini</a></i> imaged with a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">scanning electron microscope</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Scientists have reported tardigrades in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot springs</a>, on top of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> (6,000&nbsp;m; 20,000&nbsp;ft, above sea level) to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_sea" title="Deep sea">deep sea</a> (−4,000&nbsp;m; −13,000&nbsp;ft) and from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar region">polar regions</a> to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>, under layers of solid <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a>, and in ocean sediments. Many species can be found in milder environments such as lakes, ponds, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadow" title="Meadow">meadows</a>,
while others can be found in stone walls and roofs. Tardigrades are
most common in moist environments but can stay active wherever they can
retain at least some moisture.
</p><p>Tardigrades are thought to be able to survive even complete global mass <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">extinction events</a> caused by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysical events</a>, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-ray_bursts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-ray bursts">gamma-ray bursts</a>, or large <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">meteorite impacts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WP-20170714_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-20170714-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20170714_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20170714-10">[10]</a></sup> Some of them can withstand extremely cold temperatures down to 0.01&nbsp;K (−460&nbsp;°F; −273&nbsp;°C) (close to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_zero" title="Absolute zero">absolute zero</a>), while others can withstand extremely hot temperatures up to 420&nbsp;K (300&nbsp;°F; 150&nbsp;°C)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> for several minutes, pressures about six&nbsp;times greater than those found in the deepest ocean trenches, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a> at doses hundreds of times higher than the lethal dose for a human, and the vacuum of outer space.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20150907_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150907-38">[38]</a></sup> Tardigrades that live in harsh conditions undergo an annual process of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclomorphosis" title="Cyclomorphosis">cyclomorphosis</a>, allowing for survival in subzero temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup>
</p><p>They are not considered <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Extremophilic">extremophilic</a>
because they are not adapted to exploit these conditions, only to
endure them. This means that their chances of dying increase the longer
they are exposed to the extreme environments,<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenstein_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenstein-8">[8]</a></sup> whereas true <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">extremophiles</a> thrive in a physically or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geochemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Geochemical">geochemically</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_environment" title="Extreme environment">extreme environment</a> that would harm most other organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-WRD-20140321_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRD-20140321-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tardigrades are one of the few groups of species that are capable of suspending their metabolism (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptobiosis" title="Cryptobiosis">cryptobiosis</a>). While in this state, their metabolism lowers to less than 0.01% of normal and their water content can drop to 1% of normal,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20150907_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150907-38">[38]</a></sup> and they can go without food or water for more than 30&nbsp;years, only to later rehydrate, forage, and reproduce.<sup id="cite_ref-WRD-20140321_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRD-20140321-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-43">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guidetti,_R._&amp;_Jönsson,_K.I._2002_181–187_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guidetti,_R._&amp;_Jönsson,_K.I._2002_181–187-44">[44]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> Many species of tardigrade can survive in a dehydrated state up to five&nbsp;years, or longer in exceptional cases.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup> Depending on the environment, they may enter this state via <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhydrobiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anhydrobiosis">anhydrobiosis</a>,
allowing tardigrades, along with some other micro-metazoans (such as
worms, rotifers, and crustaceans), protozoans and plants, that ability
to survive in inhospitable habitats, as opposed to other living things.
In addition to offering protection from desiccation and freezing under
normal circumstances, anhydrobiosis also permits resistance to unnatural
abiotic extremes such as subzero temperatures,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryobiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryobiosis">cryobiosis</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmobiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmobiosis">osmobiosis</a>, or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoxybiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anoxybiosis">anoxybiosis</a>.
</p><p>Their ability to remain desiccated for such long periods of time
was thought to be dependent on high levels of the nonreducing
disaccharide <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trehalose" title="Trehalose">trehalose</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-hibshman_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hibshman-49">[49]</a></sup> which is commonly seen in other organisms that survive desiccation, and tardigrades have <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trehalase" title="Trehalase">trehalase</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kamilari_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamilari-50">[50]</a></sup> However, it has been seen that in both tardigrades and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bdelloidea" title="Bdelloidea">bdelloid rotifers</a>, there is only a partial capability to synthesize trehalose in quantities that may contribute to desiccation tolerance.<sup id="cite_ref-hibshman_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hibshman-49">[49]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup>
</p><p>In response to this finding, more research was done on how these animals survived such extreme conditions. It was found that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsically_disordered_proteins" title="Intrinsically disordered proteins">intrinsically disordered proteins</a>
(IDPs) were highly expressed in response to desiccation in tardigrades.
Additionally, three new IDPs were found to be specific to tardigrades
and coined <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrade_specific_proteins" title="Tardigrade specific proteins">tardigrade specific proteins</a> (TDPs). These TDPs may maintain the structure of membranes by associating with the polar heads of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_bilayer" title="Lipid bilayer">phospholipids bilayers</a>, avoiding structural damage upon rehydration.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup>
Also, TDPs, being highly hydrophilic, are thought to be involved in a
vitrification mechanism, where a glass-like matrix forms within cells to
protect the cellular contents upon desiccation.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> Their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> is further protected from radiation by a protein called "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dsup" title="Dsup">dsup</a>" (short for <i>damage suppressor</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hashimoto_et_al._2015_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hashimoto_et_al._2015-55">[55]</a></sup> In this cryptobiotic state, the tardigrade is known as a tun.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tardigrades are able to survive in extreme environments that would kill almost any other animal.<sup id="cite_ref-kamilari_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamilari-50">[50]</a></sup> Extremes at which tardigrades can survive include those of:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">Temperature</a> – tardigrades can survive:
<ul><li>A few minutes at 151&nbsp;°C (304&nbsp;°F)<sup id="cite_ref-survival_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-survival-57">[57]</a></sup></li>
<li>30&nbsp;years at −20&nbsp;°C (−4&nbsp;°F)<sup id="cite_ref-CB-201602_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CB-201602-58">[58]</a></sup></li>
<li>A few days at −200&nbsp;°C (−328&nbsp;°F; 73&nbsp;K)<sup id="cite_ref-survival_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-survival-57">[57]</a></sup></li>
<li>A few minutes at −272&nbsp;°C (−458&nbsp;°F; 1&nbsp;K)<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup></li></ul></li></ul>
<p>Research published in 2020 shows that tardigrades are sensitive to
high temperatures. Researchers showed it takes 48 hours at 37.1&nbsp;°C
(98.8&nbsp;°F) to kill half of active tardigrades that have not been
acclimated to heat. Acclimation boosted the temperature needed to kill
half of active tardigrades to 37.6&nbsp;°C (99.7&nbsp;°F). Tardigrades
in the tun state fared a bit better, tolerating higher temperatures. It
took heating to 82.7&nbsp;°C (180.9&nbsp;°F) to kill half of tun-state
tardigrades within one hour. Longer exposure time decreased the
temperature needed for lethality, though. For 24 hours of exposure,
63.1&nbsp;°C (145.6&nbsp;°F) was enough to kill half of the tun-state
tardigrades.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">Pressure</a>&nbsp;– they can withstand the extremely low pressure of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> and also very high pressures, more than 1,200&nbsp;times <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a>.
Some species can also withstand pressure of 6,000&nbsp;atmospheres,
which is nearly six times the pressure of water in the deepest ocean
trench, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Seki98_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seki98-22">[22]</a></sup>
Tardigrades can survive altitudes of over 19,600 feet (6,000 meters)
and to depths of over 15,000 feet (4,600&nbsp;m) below the surface.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_(mechanics)" title="Impact (mechanics)">Impacts</a>&nbsp;– tardigrades can survive impacts up to about 900 meters per second, and momentary shock pressures up to about 1.14 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigapascal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigapascal">gigapascals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Science-20210518_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science-20210518-61">[61]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">Dehydration</a>&nbsp;– the longest that living tardigrades have been shown to survive in a dry state is nearly 10&nbsp;years,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-43">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guidetti,_R._&amp;_Jönsson,_K.I._2002_181–187_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guidetti,_R._&amp;_Jönsson,_K.I._2002_181–187-44">[44]</a></sup> although there is one report of leg movement, not generally considered "survival",<sup id="cite_ref-Jönsson,_K._Ingemar_&amp;_R._Bertolani_2001_121–123_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jönsson,_K._Ingemar_&amp;_R._Bertolani_2001_121–123-62">[62]</a></sup> in a 120-year-old specimen from dried moss.<sup id="cite_ref-Franceschi,_T._1948_47–49_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franceschi,_T._1948_47–49-63">[63]</a></sup>
When exposed to extremely low temperatures, their body composition goes
from 85%&nbsp;water to only 3%. Because water expands upon freezing,
dehydration ensures the tardigrades' tissues are not ruptured by the
expansion of freezing ice.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a>&nbsp;– tardigrades can withstand 1,000 times more radiation than other animals,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup> median lethal doses of 5,000&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">Gy</a> (of gamma rays) and 6,200&nbsp;Gy (of heavy ions) in hydrated animals (5 to 10&nbsp;Gy could be fatal to a human).<sup id="cite_ref-Horikawa_et_al._2006_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horikawa_et_al._2006-66">[66]</a></sup>
The only explanation found in earlier experiments for this ability was
that their lowered water state provides fewer reactants for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Horikawa_et_al._2006_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horikawa_et_al._2006-66">[66]</a></sup> However, subsequent research found that tardigrades, when hydrated, still remain highly resistant to shortwave <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="UV radiation">UV radiation</a>
in comparison to other animals, and that one factor for this is their
efficient ability to repair damage to their DNA resulting from that
exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup></li></ul>
<dl><dd>Irradiation of tardigrade eggs collected directly from a natural
substrate (moss) showed a clear dose-related response, with a steep
decline in hatchability at doses up to 4&nbsp;kGy, above which no eggs
hatched.<sup id="cite_ref-Jönsson_2013_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jönsson_2013-68">[68]</a></sup>
The eggs were more tolerant to radiation late in development. No eggs
irradiated at the early developmental stage hatched, and only one egg at
middle stage hatched, while eggs irradiated in the late stage hatched
at a rate indistinguishable from controls.<sup id="cite_ref-Jönsson_2013_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jönsson_2013-68">[68]</a></sup></dd></dl>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicant" title="Toxicant">Environmental toxins</a>&nbsp;– tardigrades are reported to undergo chemobiosis, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptobiosis" title="Cryptobiosis">cryptobiotic</a> response to high levels of environmental toxins. However, as of 2001, these laboratory results have yet to be verified.<sup id="cite_ref-Jönsson,_K._Ingemar_&amp;_R._Bertolani_2001_121–123_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jönsson,_K._Ingemar_&amp;_R._Bertolani_2001_121–123-62">[62]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Franceschi,_T._1948_47–49_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franceschi,_T._1948_47–49-63">[63]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Survival_after_exposure_to_outer_space">Survival after exposure to outer space</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Survival after exposure to outer space">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Tardigrades are the first known animal to survive after exposure to outer space.<sup id="cite_ref-NS-20080908_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS-20080908-69">[69]</a></sup> In September 2007, dehydrated tardigrades were taken into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foton-M" class="mw-redirect" title="Foton-M">FOTON-M3</a> mission carrying the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOPAN" title="BIOPAN">BIOPAN</a>
astrobiology payload. For 10&nbsp;days, groups of tardigrades, some of
them previously dehydrated, some of them not, were exposed to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_vacuum" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard vacuum">hard vacuum</a> of outer space, or vacuum and solar <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV" class="mw-redirect" title="UV">UV</a>&nbsp;radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-low-earth-orbit_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-low-earth-orbit-70">[70]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WRD-20140321_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRD-20140321-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Science-20080908_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science-20080908-71">[71]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MSNBC-20111222_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSNBC-20111222-72">[72]</a></sup>
Back on Earth, more than 68% of the subjects protected from solar
UV&nbsp;radiation were reanimated within 30&nbsp;minutes following
rehydration, although subsequent mortality was high; many of these
produced viable embryos.<sup id="cite_ref-low-earth-orbit_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-low-earth-orbit-70">[70]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NS-20080908_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS-20080908-69">[69]</a></sup>
In contrast, hydrated samples exposed to the combined effect of vacuum
and full solar UV&nbsp;radiation had significantly reduced survival,
with only three subjects of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milnesium_tardigradum" title="Milnesium tardigradum">Milnesium tardigradum</a></i> surviving.<sup id="cite_ref-low-earth-orbit_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-low-earth-orbit-70">[70]</a></sup> Also, it was found that the space vacuum did not have a significant effect on egg-laying in either <i>R. coronifer</i> or <i>M. tardigradum</i>. However, <i>M. tardigradum</i> exposed to UV radiation had a lower egg laying rate.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup> In May 2011, Italian scientists sent tardigrades on board the International Space Station along with extremophiles on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-134" title="STS-134">STS-134</a>, the final flight of <span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour"><i>Endeavour</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup>
Their conclusion was that microgravity and cosmic radiation "did not
significantly affect survival of tardigrades in flight, and stated that
tardigrades represent a useful animal for space research."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup> In November 2011, they were among the organisms to be sent by the U.S.-based <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary Society">Planetary Society</a> on the Russian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a> mission's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Interplanetary_Flight_Experiment" title="Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment">Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a>; however, the launch failed. In August 2019, scientists reported that a capsule containing tardigrades in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptobiotic_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptobiotic state">cryptobiotic state</a> may have survived for a while on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> after the April 2019 crash landing of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></i>, a failed Israeli <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_lander" title="Lunar lander">lunar lander</a>, but in May 2021 it was reported that they were unlikely to have survived the impact.<sup id="cite_ref-WRD-20190805_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRD-20190805-79">[79]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VOX-20190806_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VOX-20190806-80">[80]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Science-20210518_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science-20210518-61">[61]</a></sup>
</p><p>In recent years, there has also been increased speculation
regarding tardigrades' ability to survive on Mars without any life
support systems,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup> but despite the hardiness of the tardigrade, it would still "need stuff to eat," in order to set up shop.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Taxonomy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bilaterial_animal_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="List of bilaterial animal orders">List of bilaterial animal orders</a></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Echiniscus_sp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Echiniscus_sp_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Echiniscus_sp_002.jpg 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Echiniscus_sp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="649"></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Illustration of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echiniscus" title="Echiniscus">Echiniscus</a></i> sp. from 1861</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Echiniscus_testudo_Doyere_1840_Pl_12_Fig_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/180px-Echiniscus_testudo_Doyere_1840_Pl_12_Fig_1.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/270px-Echiniscus_testudo_Doyere_1840_Pl_12_Fig_1.png 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/360px-Echiniscus_testudo_Doyere_1840_Pl_12_Fig_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1924" data-file-height="2066"></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Drawing of <i>Echiniscus testudo</i> on a grain of sand</div></div></div></div></div>
<p>Scientists have conducted <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a>
and molecular studies to understand how tardigrades relate to other
lineages of ecdysozoan animals. Two plausible placements have been
proposed: tardigrades are either most closely related to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropoda">Arthropoda</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a>, or to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematodes">nematodes</a>. Evidence for the former is a common result of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological studies</a>; evidence of the latter is found in some molecular analyses.
</p><p>The latter hypothesis has been rejected by recent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA" title="MicroRNA">microRNA</a> and expressed sequence tag analyses.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambell_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambell-83">[83]</a></sup> Apparently, the grouping of tardigrades with nematodes found in a number of molecular studies is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_branch_attraction" title="Long branch attraction">long branch attraction</a> artifact. Within the arthropod group (called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panarthropoda" title="Panarthropoda">panarthropoda</a> and comprising onychophora, tardigrades and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarthropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Euarthropoda">euarthropoda</a>), three patterns of relationship are possible: tardigrades sister to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">onychophora</a> plus arthropods (the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobopodia" title="Lobopodia">lobopodia</a>
hypothesis); onychophora sister to tardigrades plus arthropods (the
tactopoda hypothesis); and onychophora sister to tardigrades.<sup id="cite_ref-Telford_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telford-84">[84]</a></sup> Recent analyses indicate that the panarthropoda group is monophyletic, and that tardigrades are a sister group of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antennopoda" title="Antennopoda">Antennopoda</a>, the lineage consisting of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambell_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambell-83">[83]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup>
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129740115">.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.1em;padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panarthropoda" title="Panarthropoda">Panarthropoda</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129740115">
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><span class="nowrap"><b>Water bears</b> (<b>Tardigrada</b>)</span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_(white_background).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_jou_006.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_jou_004.png 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.png 2x" data-file-width="1379" data-file-height="1205"></a></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antennopoda" title="Antennopoda">Antennopoda</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129740115">
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p>Velvet worms (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Velvet_worm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Velvet_worm_003.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Velvet_worm_002.png 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Velvet_worm.png 2x" data-file-width="2799" data-file-height="1340"></a></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p>Arthropods (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropoda">Arthropoda</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County_003.jpg 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="1082"></a></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The minute sizes of tardigrades and their membranous integuments make their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossilization</a> both difficult to detect and highly unusual. The only known fossil specimens are those from mid-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> deposits in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsten_fauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Orsten fauna">Orsten fauna</a>) and a few rare specimens from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EotI_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EotI-86">[86]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Siberian tardigrade fossils differ from living tardigrades in
several ways. They have three pairs of legs rather than four, they have
a simplified head morphology, and they have no posterior head
appendages, but they share with modern tardigrades their columnar
cuticle construction.<sup id="cite_ref-Budd2001_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budd2001-87">[87]</a></sup> Scientists think they represent a stem group of living tardigrades.<sup id="cite_ref-EotI_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EotI-86">[86]</a></sup>
</p><p>In October 2021, a new species, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradoryphoribius" title="Paradoryphoribius">Paradoryphoribius chronocaribbeus</a></i>, was discovered as a fossil in amber that was dated to be 16 million years old.<sup id="cite_ref-LS-20211005_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LS-20211005-88">[88]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Evolutionary_history">Evolutionary history</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Evolutionary history">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OrstenTardigrade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/OrstenTardigrade_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/OrstenTardigrade_002.jpg 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/OrstenTardigrade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3675" data-file-height="2200"></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of the unnamed “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsten" title="Orsten">Orsten</a>” tardigrade, from the Cambrian Kuonamka Formation</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fossil_Tardigrade_Dominican_Amber.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Fossil_Tardigrade_Dominican_Amber_003.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Fossil_Tardigrade_Dominican_Amber_002.png 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Fossil_Tardigrade_Dominican_Amber.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="344"></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradoryphoribius" title="Paradoryphoribius">Paradoryphoribius</a></i>, a miocene tardigrade</figcaption></figure>
<p>There are multiple lines of evidence that tardigrades are secondarily miniaturized from a larger ancestor,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup> probably a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobopodian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobopodian">lobopodian</a> and perhaps resembling <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aysheaia" title="Aysheaia">Aysheaia</a></i>, which many analyses place close to the divergence of the tardigrade lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-ArtRels_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArtRels-90">[90]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith2014_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2014-91">[91]</a></sup> An alternative hypothesis derives <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactopoda" title="Tactopoda">tactopoda</a> from a clade encompassing dinocaridids and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opabinia" title="Opabinia">Opabinia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Budd1996_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budd1996-92">[92]</a></sup> A 2023 analysis concluded, on the basis of numerous morphological similarities, that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luolishaniidae" title="Luolishaniidae">luolishaniids</a> might be the closest known relatives of Tardigrada.<sup id="cite_ref-Kihm2023_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kihm2023-93">[93]</a></sup>
</p><p>The oldest remains of modern tardigrades are those of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milnesium_swolenskyi" title="Milnesium swolenskyi">Milnesium swolenskyi</a>,</i> belonging to the living genus <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milnesium" title="Milnesium">Milnesium</a></i> known from a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turonian" title="Turonian">Turonian</a>) aged specimen of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_amber" title="New Jersey amber">New Jersey amber</a>, around 90 million years old. Another fossil, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beorn_(tardigrade)" title="Beorn (tardigrade)">Beorn leggi</a></i>, is known from a Late <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanian" title="Campanian">Campanian</a> (~72 million years old) specimen of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian_amber&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Canadian amber (page does not exist)">Canadian amber</a><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup> and has been placed in its own family (Beornidae), but was subsequently suggested to belong to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsibiidae" title="Hypsibiidae">Hypsibiidae</a>. An indeterminate heterotardigrade was also noted from the same deposit.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup>
</p><p>The enigmatic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panarthropoda" title="Panarthropoda">panarthropod</a> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sialomorpha" title="Sialomorpha">Sialomorpha</a></i> found in 30-million year old <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_amber" title="Dominican amber">Dominican amber</a>, while not classifiable as a tardigrade, shows some apparent affinities.<sup id="cite_ref-Poinar2019_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poinar2019-96">[96]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GIZMODO2019_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GIZMODO2019-97">[97]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Genomes_and_genome_sequencing">Genomes and genome sequencing</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Genomes and genome sequencing">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Tardigrade <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genomes</a> vary in size, from about 75 to 800 mega<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">base pairs</a> of DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></sup> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsibius_exemplaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypsibius exemplaris">Hypsibius exemplaris</a></i> (formerly <i>Hypsibius dujardini</i>) has a compact genome of 100 megabase pairs<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup> and a generation time of about two weeks; it can be cultured indefinitely and cryopreserved.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup>
</p><p>The genome of <i>Ramazzottius varieornatus</i>, one of the most stress-tolerant species of tardigrades, was sequenced by a team of researchers from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">University of Tokyo</a> in 2015. While previous research had claimed that around one-sixth of the genome had been acquired from other organisms,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></sup> it is now known that less than 1.2% of its genes were the result of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">horizontal gene transfer</a>.
They also found evidence of a loss of gene pathways that are known to
promote damage due to stress. This study also found a high expression of
novel tardigrade-unique proteins, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dsup" title="Dsup">Damage suppressor (Dsup)</a>, which was shown to protect against DNA damage from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a>
radiation. The same team applied the Dsup protein to human cultured
cells and found that it suppressed X-ray damage to the human cells by
around 40%.<sup id="cite_ref-Hashimoto_et_al._2015_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hashimoto_et_al._2015-55">[55]</a></sup>
While the exact mechanism of DNA protection is largely unknown, the
results from an August 2020 study suggest that strong electrostatic
attractions along with high protein flexibility help form a molecular
aggregate, which allows Dsup to shield DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dsup" title="Dsup">Dsup</a> proteins of tardigrades <i>Ramazzottius varieornatus</i> and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsibius_exemplaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypsibius exemplaris">Hypsibius exemplaris</a></i> promote survival by binding to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleosome" title="Nucleosome">nucleosomes</a> and protecting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomal</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">hydroxyl radicals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></sup> The Dsup protein of <i>R. varieornatus</i> also confers resistance to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>-C by upregulating <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a> genes that protect the genomic DNA from the damages introduced by UV irradiation.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Ecological_importance">Ecological importance</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Ecological importance">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Many organisms that live in aquatic environments feed on species such as nematodes, tardigrades, bacteria, algae, mites, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collembolan" class="mw-redirect" title="Collembolan">collembolans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></sup>
Tardigrades work as pioneer species by inhabiting new developing
environments. This movement attracts other invertebrates to populate
that space, while also attracting predators.<sup id="cite_ref-Brent_Nichols_2005_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brent_Nichols_2005-33">[33]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li>The short-story "Bathybia" by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Douglas Mawson</a>, published in the book <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Australis_(book)" title="Aurora Australis (book)">Aurora Australis</a></i>
in 1909, deals with an expedition to the South Pole where the team
encounters giant mushrooms and arthropods, and a four-foot-long
tardigrade waking from hibernation scares the narrator from his sleep,
and he realize it was all a dream.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></sup></li>
<li>When the characters in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe" title="Marvel Cinematic Universe">superhero films</a> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant-Man_(film)" title="Ant-Man (film)">Ant-Man</a></i> (2015) and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant-Man_and_the_Wasp" title="Ant-Man and the Wasp">Ant-Man and the Wasp</a></i> (2018) shrink themselves to enter the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Realm" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum Realm">Quantum Realm</a>", they encounter tardigrades.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></sup></li>
<li>In the 2015 sci-fi horror film <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbinger_Down" title="Harbinger Down">Harbinger Down</a></i>, the characters have to deal with deadly mutated tardigrades.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></sup></li>
<li>The second arc of the comic book <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Girls" title="Paper Girls">Paper Girls</a></i> (2015) features a pair of tardigrades that have been enlarged to a massive size as a side effect of time travel.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></sup></li>
<li>Musician <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmo_Sheldrake" title="Cosmo Sheldrake">Cosmo Sheldrake</a> imagines himself a tardigrade in his 2015 "Tardigrade Song".<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></sup></li>
<li>In <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Discovery" title="Star Trek: Discovery">Star Trek: Discovery</a></i> (2017), the alien "Ripper" creature who is used to "navigate" through a galactic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycelium" title="Mycelium">mycelium</a>
network and instantly move the ship from one location in the galaxy to
another is referred to as a "giant space tardigrade" and said to be a
cousin of the tardigrade.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></sup></li>
<li>The 2017 <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Park" title="South Park">South Park</a></i> episode "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss_Piglets_(South_Park)" title="Moss Piglets (South Park)">Moss Piglets</a>" involves a science experiment in which tardigrades learn to dance to the music of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></sup></li>
<li>The 2018 <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Guy" title="Family Guy">Family Guy</a></i> episode "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Trouble_in_Little_Quahog" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Trouble in Little Quahog">Big Trouble in Little Quahog</a>" features <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewie_Griffin" title="Stewie Griffin">Stewie</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Griffin" title="Brian Griffin">Brian</a> being shrunk to a microscopic level, during which they meet a group of friendly tardigrades or "water bears" who help them.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></sup></li>
<li>The plot in the 2021 <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_%26_Max#Video_games" title="Sam &amp; Max">Sam &amp; Max: This Time It's Virtual</a></i> video game includes an abandoned tardigrade amusement park, "Cap'N Aquabear's Funtime Park".<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tardigrades_of_South_Africa" title="List of tardigrades of South Africa">List of tardigrades of South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_microorganisms_tested_in_outer_space" title="List of microorganisms tested in outer space">List of microorganisms tested in outer space</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Interplanetary_Flight_Experiment" title="Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment">Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment</a>, study of selected microorganisms in outer space</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">Panspermia</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/tardigrade">"tardigrade"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=tardigrade&amp;rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Ftardigrade&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-American_Scientist-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-American_Scientist_2-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-American_Scientist_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-American_Scientist_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-American_Scientist_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2017" class="citation web cs1">Miller, William (2017-02-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanscientist.org/article/tardigrades">"Tardigrades"</a>. American Scientist<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Tardigrades&amp;rft.pub=American+Scientist&amp;rft.date=2017-02-06&amp;rft.aulast=Miller&amp;rft.aufirst=William&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanscientist.org%2Farticle%2Ftardigrades&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WRD-20140321-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WRD-20140321_3-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WRD-20140321_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WRD-20140321_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WRD-20140321_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSimon2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Simon, Matt (21 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2014/03/absurd-creature-week-water-bear/">"Absurd Creature of the Week: The Incredible Critter That's Tough Enough to Survive in the vacuum of Space"</a>. <i>Wired</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Wired&amp;rft.atitle=Absurd+Creature+of+the+Week%3A+The+Incredible+Critter+That%27s+Tough+Enough+to+Survive+in+the+vacuum+of+Space&amp;rft.date=2014-03-21&amp;rft.aulast=Simon&amp;rft.aufirst=Matt&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fwiredscience%2F2014%2F03%2Fabsurd-creature-week-water-bear%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCopley1999" class="citation news cs1">Copley, Jon (23 October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16422095.100-indestructible.html">"Indestructible"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>. No.&nbsp;2209<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&amp;rft.atitle=Indestructible&amp;rft.issue=2209&amp;rft.date=1999-10-23&amp;rft.aulast=Copley&amp;rft.aufirst=Jon&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg16422095.100-indestructible.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?p=17901">"Stanford Tardigrade Project"</a>. Foldscope. 2016-08-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+Tardigrade+Project&amp;rft.pub=Foldscope&amp;rft.date=2016-08-10&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmicrocosmos.foldscope.com%2F%3Fp%3D17901&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDean2015" class="citation news cs1">Dean, Cornelia (September 9, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/meet-tardigrade-the-water-bear/article7630324.ece">"Meet tardigrade, the water bear"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&amp;rft.atitle=Meet+tardigrade%2C+the+water+bear&amp;rft.date=2015-09-09&amp;rft.aulast=Dean&amp;rft.aufirst=Cornelia&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-in-school%2Fmeet-tardigrade-the-water-bear%2Farticle7630324.ece&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCross2016" class="citation journal cs1">Cross, Ryan (2016-11-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cen-09444-scitech1">"Secrets of the tardigrade"</a>. <i>C&amp;EN Global Enterprise</i>. <b>94</b> (44): 20–21. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcen-09444-scitech1">10.1021/cen-09444-scitech1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=C%26EN+Global+Enterprise&amp;rft.atitle=Secrets+of+the+tardigrade&amp;rft.volume=94&amp;rft.issue=44&amp;rft.pages=20-21&amp;rft.date=2016-11-07&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcen-09444-scitech1&amp;rft.aulast=Cross&amp;rft.aufirst=Ryan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1021%2Fcen-09444-scitech1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Bordenstein-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenstein_8-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenstein_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenstein_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenstein_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenstein_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBordenstein" class="citation web cs1">Bordenstein, Sarah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/topics/tardigrade/index.html">"Tardigrades (Water Bears)"</a>. <i>Microbial Life Educational Resources</i>. National Science Digital Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Microbial+Life+Educational+Resources&amp;rft.atitle=Tardigrades+%28Water+Bears%29&amp;rft.aulast=Bordenstein&amp;rft.aufirst=Sarah&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fserc.carleton.edu%2Fmicrobelife%2Ftopics%2Ftardigrade%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WP-20170714-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WP-20170714_9-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WP-20170714_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGuarino2017" class="citation news cs1">Guarino, Ben (14 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2017/07/14/these-animals-can-survive-until-the-end-of-the-earth-astrophysicists-say/">"These animals can survive until the end of the Earth, astrophysicists say"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft.atitle=These+animals+can+survive+until+the+end+of+the+Earth%2C+astrophysicists+say&amp;rft.date=2017-07-14&amp;rft.aulast=Guarino&amp;rft.aufirst=Ben&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fspeaking-of-science%2Fwp%2F2017%2F07%2F14%2Fthese-animals-can-survive-until-the-end-of-the-earth-astrophysicists-say%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NAT-20170714-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NAT-20170714_10-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAT-20170714_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSloanAlves_BatistaLoeb2017" class="citation journal cs1">Sloan, David; Alves Batista, Rafael; Loeb, Abraham (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5511186">"The Resilience of Life to Astrophysical Events"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 5419. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.04253">1707.04253</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...7.5419S">2017NatSR...7.5419S</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-017-05796-x">10.1038/s41598-017-05796-x</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5511186">5511186</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28710420">28710420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&amp;rft.atitle=The+Resilience+of+Life+to+Astrophysical+Events&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=5419&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5511186%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017NatSR...7.5419S&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1707.04253&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28710420&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-017-05796-x&amp;rft.aulast=Sloan&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.au=Alves+Batista%2C+Rafael&amp;rft.au=Loeb%2C+Abraham&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5511186&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFOrellanaMacayaBravoDorochesi2018" class="citation journal cs1">Orellana,
Roberto; Macaya, Constanza; Bravo, Guillermo; Dorochesi, Flavia;
Cumsille, Andrés; Valencia, Ricardo; Rojas, Claudia; Seeger, Michael
(2018-10-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6218600">"Living at the Frontiers of Life: Extremophiles in Chile and Their Potential for Bioremediation"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Microbiology</i>. <b>9</b>: 2309. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmicb.2018.02309">10.3389/fmicb.2018.02309</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1664-302X">1664-302X</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6218600">6218600</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30425685">30425685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Microbiology&amp;rft.atitle=Living+at+the+Frontiers+of+Life%3A+Extremophiles+in+Chile+and+Their+Potential+for+Bioremediation&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.pages=2309&amp;rft.date=2018-10-30&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6218600%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft.issn=1664-302X&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30425685&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffmicb.2018.02309&amp;rft.aulast=Orellana&amp;rft.aufirst=Roberto&amp;rft.au=Macaya%2C+Constanza&amp;rft.au=Bravo%2C+Guillermo&amp;rft.au=Dorochesi%2C+Flavia&amp;rft.au=Cumsille%2C+Andr%C3%A9s&amp;rft.au=Valencia%2C+Ricardo&amp;rft.au=Rojas%2C+Claudia&amp;rft.au=Seeger%2C+Michael&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6218600&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14690-water-bears-are-first-animal-to-survive-vacuum-of-space.html">"<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>Water Bears' are first animal to survive vacuum of space"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080910062613/http://space.newscientist.com/article/dn14690-water-bears-are-first-animal-to-survive-vacuum-of-space.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&amp;rft.atitle=%27Water+Bears%27+are+first+animal+to+survive+vacuum+of+space.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn14690-water-bears-are-first-animal-to-survive-vacuum-of-space.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/09/080908135906.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Water Bears' Able To Survive Exposure To Vacuum Of Space"</a>. Science Daily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080911091656/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/09/080908135906.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27Water+Bears%27+Able+To+Survive+Exposure+To+Vacuum+Of+Space&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2008%2F09%2F080908135906.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDegmaBertolaniGuidetti2019" class="citation journal cs1">Degma, Peter; Bertolani, Roberto; Guidetti, Roberto (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iris.unimore.it/retrieve/handle/11380/1178608/227296/Actual%20checklist%20of%20Tardigrada%2036th%20Edition.pdf">"Actual checklist of Tardigrada species (2009–2019, 36th Edition: 1-09-2019)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25431%2F11380_1178608">10.25431/11380_1178608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Actual+checklist+of+Tardigrada+species+%282009%E2%80%932019%2C+36th+Edition%3A+1-09-2019%29&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25431%2F11380_1178608&amp;rft.aulast=Degma&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft.au=Bertolani%2C+Roberto&amp;rft.au=Guidetti%2C+Roberto&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firis.unimore.it%2Fretrieve%2Fhandle%2F11380%2F1178608%2F227296%2FActual%2520checklist%2520of%2520Tardigrada%252036th%2520Edition.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Nelson-CurrentStatus-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson-CurrentStatus_15-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson-CurrentStatus_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2002" class="citation journal cs1">Nelson, Diane (1 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F42.3.652">"Current status of Tardigrada: Evolution and Ecology"</a>. <i>Integrative and Comparative Biology</i>. <b>42</b> (3): 652–659. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F42.3.652">10.1093/icb/42.3.652</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21708761">21708761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Integrative+and+Comparative+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Current+status+of+Tardigrada%3A+Evolution+and+Ecology&amp;rft.volume=42&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=652-659&amp;rft.date=2002-07-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2F42.3.652&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21708761&amp;rft.aulast=Nelson&amp;rft.aufirst=Diane&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ficb%252F42.3.652&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFShaw" class="citation web cs1">Shaw, Michael W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140210001506/http://tardigrade.us/how-to-articles/how-to-find-tardigrades/">"How to Find Tardigrades"</a>. Tardigrade USA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tardigrade.us/how-to-articles/how-to-find-tardigrades/">the original</a> on 10 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=How+to+Find+Tardigrades&amp;rft.pub=Tardigrade+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Shaw&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael+W.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftardigrade.us%2Fhow-to-articles%2Fhow-to-find-tardigrades%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsteinBlaxter2002" class="citation journal cs1">Goldstein, Bob; Blaxter, Mark (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2802%2900959-4">"Tardigrades"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>12</b> (14): R475. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2802%2900959-4">10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00959-4</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12176341">12176341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Tardigrades&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.issue=14&amp;rft.pages=R475&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2802%2900959-4&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12176341&amp;rft.aulast=Goldstein&amp;rft.aufirst=Bob&amp;rft.au=Blaxter%2C+Mark&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0960-9822%252802%252900959-4&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-AP-20150929-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AP-20150929_18-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apnews.excite.com/article/20150929/us--new_microscopic_animal-f2f8286453.html">"Researchers discover new tiny organism, name it for Wyeths"</a>. AP News. 29 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Researchers+discover+new+tiny+organism%2C+name+it+for+Wyeths&amp;rft.date=2015-09-29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapnews.excite.com%2Farticle%2F20150929%2Fus--new_microscopic_animal-f2f8286453.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PBSW-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PBSW_19-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPerryMiller2015" class="citation journal cs1">Perry, Emma S.; Miller, William R. (2015). "<i>Echiniscoides wyethi</i>, a new marine tardigrade from Maine, U.S.A. (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscoidea: Echiniscoididae)". <i>Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington</i>. <b>128</b> (1): 103–110. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2988%2F0006-324X-128.1.103">10.2988/0006-324X-128.1.103</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85893082">85893082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Biological+Society+of+Washington&amp;rft.atitle=Echiniscoides+wyethi%2C+a+new+marine+tardigrade+from+Maine%2C+U.S.A.+%28Heterotardigrada%3A+Echiniscoidea%3A+Echiniscoididae%29&amp;rft.volume=128&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=103-110&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2988%2F0006-324X-128.1.103&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85893082%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Perry&amp;rft.aufirst=Emma+S.&amp;rft.au=Miller%2C+William+R.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRomano2003" class="citation journal cs1">Romano, Frank A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1653%2F0015-4040%282003%29086%5B0134%3AOWB%5D2.0.CO%3B2">"On water bears"</a>. <i>Florida Entomologist</i>. <b>86</b> (2): 134–137. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1653%2F0015-4040%282003%29086%5B0134%3AOWB%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1653/0015-4040(2003)086[0134:OWB]2.0.CO;2</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Florida+Entomologist&amp;rft.atitle=On+water+bears&amp;rft.volume=86&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=134-137&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1653%2F0015-4040%282003%29086%5B0134%3AOWB%5D2.0.CO%3B2&amp;rft.aulast=Romano&amp;rft.aufirst=Frank+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1653%252F0015-4040%25282003%2529086%255B0134%253AOWB%255D2.0.CO%253B2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSmithBoothbyGiovanniniRebecchi2016" class="citation journal cs1">Smith,
Frank W.; Boothby, Thomas C.; Giovannini, Ilaria; Rebecchi, Lorena;
Jockusch, Elizabeth L.; Goldstein, Bob (1 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.11.059">"The Compact Body Plan of Tardigrades Evolved by the Loss of a Large Body Region"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>26</b> (2): 224–229. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.11.059">10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.059</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26776737">26776737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=The+Compact+Body+Plan+of+Tardigrades+Evolved+by+the+Loss+of+a+Large+Body+Region&amp;rft.volume=26&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=224-229&amp;rft.date=2016-01-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.11.059&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26776737&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.aufirst=Frank+W.&amp;rft.au=Boothby%2C+Thomas+C.&amp;rft.au=Giovannini%2C+Ilaria&amp;rft.au=Rebecchi%2C+Lorena&amp;rft.au=Jockusch%2C+Elizabeth+L.&amp;rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Bob&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2015.11.059&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Seki98-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seki98_22-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seki98_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSekiToyoshima1998" class="citation journal cs1">Seki, Kunihiro; Toyoshima, Masato (1998). "Preserving tardigrades under pressure". <i>Nature</i>. <b>395</b> (6705): 853–54. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Natur.395..853S">1998Natur.395..853S</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F27576">10.1038/27576</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4429569">4429569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Preserving+tardigrades+under+pressure&amp;rft.volume=395&amp;rft.issue=6705&amp;rft.pages=853-54&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4429569%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F27576&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Natur.395..853S&amp;rft.aulast=Seki&amp;rft.aufirst=Kunihiro&amp;rft.au=Toyoshima%2C+Masato&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kinchin, Ian M. (1994) <i>The Biology of Tardigrades</i> Ashgate Publishing</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-IZ-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_24-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1982" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Robert D. (1982). <i>Invertebrate Zoology</i>. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp.&nbsp;877–880. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-056747-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-056747-6"><bdi>978-0-03-056747-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Invertebrate+Zoology&amp;rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&amp;rft.pages=877-880&amp;rft.pub=Holt-Saunders+International&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-03-056747-6&amp;rft.aulast=Barnes&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://labs.bio.unc.edu/goldstein/SmithGoldstein2017.pdf">Segmentation in Tardigrada and diversification of segmental patterns in Panarthropoda</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid26052416-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid26052416_26-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGrossMayer2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gross, Vladimir; Mayer, Georg (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4458024">"Neural development in the tardigrade <i>Hypsibius dujardini</i> based on anti-acetylated α-tubulin immunolabeling"</a>. <i>EvoDevo</i>. <b>6</b>: 12. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13227-015-0008-4">10.1186/s13227-015-0008-4</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4458024">4458024</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26052416">26052416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=EvoDevo&amp;rft.atitle=Neural+development+in+the+tardigrade+Hypsibius+dujardini+based+on+anti-acetylated+%CE%B1-tubulin+immunolabeling&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.pages=12&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4458024%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26052416&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13227-015-0008-4&amp;rft.aulast=Gross&amp;rft.aufirst=Vladimir&amp;rft.au=Mayer%2C+Georg&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4458024&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFZantkeWolffScholtz2007" class="citation journal cs1">Zantke, Juliane; Wolff, Carsten; Scholtz, Gerhard (2007). "Three-dimensional reconstruction of the central nervous system of <i>Macrobiotus hufelandi</i> (Eutardigrada, Parachela): Implications for the phylogenetic position of Tardigrada". <i>Zoomorphology</i>. <b>127</b> (1): 21–36. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00435-007-0045-1">10.1007/s00435-007-0045-1</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43853965">43853965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Zoomorphology&amp;rft.atitle=Three-dimensional+reconstruction+of+the+central+nervous+system+of+Macrobiotus+hufelandi+%28Eutardigrada%2C+Parachela%29%3A+Implications+for+the+phylogenetic+position+of+Tardigrada&amp;rft.volume=127&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=21-36&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00435-007-0045-1&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43853965%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Zantke&amp;rft.aufirst=Juliane&amp;rft.au=Wolff%2C+Carsten&amp;rft.au=Scholtz%2C+Gerhard&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Greven2007-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greven2007_28-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGreven2007" class="citation journal cs1">Greven, Hartmut (2007). "Comments on the eyes of tardigrades". <i>Arthropod Structure &amp; Development</i>. <b>36</b> (4): 401–407. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asd.2007.06.003">10.1016/j.asd.2007.06.003</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18089118">18089118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Arthropod+Structure+%26+Development&amp;rft.atitle=Comments+on+the+eyes+of+tardigrades&amp;rft.volume=36&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=401-407&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.asd.2007.06.003&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18089118&amp;rft.aulast=Greven&amp;rft.aufirst=Hartmut&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFElzinga1998" class="citation journal cs1">Elzinga, Richard J. (1998). "Microspines in the alimentary canal of Arthropoda, Onychophora, annelida". <i>International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology</i>. <b>27</b> (4): 341–349. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0020-7322%2898%2900027-0">10.1016/S0020-7322(98)00027-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Insect+Morphology+and+Embryology&amp;rft.atitle=Microspines+in+the+alimentary+canal+of+Arthropoda%2C+Onychophora%2C+annelida&amp;rft.volume=27&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=341-349&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0020-7322%2898%2900027-0&amp;rft.aulast=Elzinga&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSugiuraMatsumoto2021" class="citation journal cs1">Sugiura, Kenta; Matsumoto, Midori (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07924259.2021.1990142">"Sexual reproductive behaviours of tardigrades: A review"</a>. <i>Invertebrate Reproduction &amp; Development</i>. <b>65</b> (4): 279–287. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07924259.2021.1990142">10.1080/07924259.2021.1990142</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244504291">244504291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Invertebrate+Reproduction+%26+Development&amp;rft.atitle=Sexual+reproductive+behaviours+of+tardigrades%3A+A+review&amp;rft.volume=65&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=279-287&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07924259.2021.1990142&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244504291%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Sugiura&amp;rft.aufirst=Kenta&amp;rft.au=Matsumoto%2C+Midori&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F07924259.2021.1990142&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1977" class="citation journal cs1">Morgan, Clive I. (1977). "Population dynamics of two species of Tardigrada, <i>Macrobiotus hufelandii</i> (Schultze) and <i>Echiniscus (Echiniscus) testudo</i> (Doyere), in roof moss from Swansea". <i>Journal of Animal Ecology</i>. <b>46</b> (1): 263–79. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3960">10.2307/3960</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3960">3960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Animal+Ecology&amp;rft.atitle=Population+dynamics+of+two+species+of+Tardigrada%2C+Macrobiotus+hufelandii+%28Schultze%29+and+Echiniscus+%28Echiniscus%29+testudo+%28Doyere%29%2C+in+roof+moss+from+Swansea&amp;rft.volume=46&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=263-79&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3960&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3960%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Morgan&amp;rft.aufirst=Clive+I.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLindahl2008" class="citation web cs1">Lindahl, K. (15 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwu.edu/~tardisdp/tardigrade_facts.html">"Tardigrade Facts"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Tardigrade+Facts&amp;rft.date=2008-03-15&amp;rft.aulast=Lindahl&amp;rft.aufirst=K.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwu.edu%2F~tardisdp%2Ftardigrade_facts.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Brent_Nichols_2005-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brent_Nichols_2005_33-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brent_Nichols_2005_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBrent_Nichols2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Brent Nichols, Phillip (2005). <i>Tardigrade Evolution and Ecology</i> (PhD). Tampa, FL: University of South Florida.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&amp;rft.title=Tardigrade+Evolution+and+Ecology&amp;rft.inst=University+of+South+Florida&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.aulast=Brent+Nichols&amp;rft.aufirst=Phillip&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGlime2010" class="citation book cs1">Glime, Janice (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/bryophyte-ecology2/5/">"Tardigrades"</a>. <i>Bryophyte Ecology: Volume 2, Bryological Interaction</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Tardigrades&amp;rft.btitle=Bryophyte+Ecology%3A+Volume+2%2C+Bryological+Interaction&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.aulast=Glime&amp;rft.aufirst=Janice&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.mtu.edu%2Fbryophyte-ecology2%2F5%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHogan2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hogan, C. Michael (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eoearth.org/article/Extremophile?topic=49540">"Extremophile"</a>. In E. Monosson; C. Cleveland. (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Earth</i>. Washington, DC: National Council for Science and the Environment.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Extremophile&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Earth&amp;rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&amp;rft.pub=National+Council+for+Science+and+the+Environment.&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.aulast=Hogan&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+Michael&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eoearth.org%2Farticle%2FExtremophile%3Ftopic%3D49540&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSimon2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Simon, Matt (21 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2014/03/absurd-creature-week-water-bear/">"Absurd Creature of the Week: The Incredible Critter That's Tough Enough to Survive in Space"</a>. <i>Wired</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Wired&amp;rft.atitle=Absurd+Creature+of+the+Week%3A+The+Incredible+Critter+That%27s+Tough+Enough+to+Survive+in+Space&amp;rft.date=2014-03-21&amp;rft.aulast=Simon&amp;rft.aufirst=Matt&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2014%2F03%2Fabsurd-creature-week-water-bear%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/340800193"><i>New Zealand inventory of biodiversity</i></a>. Dennis P. Gordon. Christchurch, N.Z.: Canterbury University Press. 2009–2012. p.&nbsp;28. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877257-72-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-877257-72-8"><bdi>978-1-877257-72-8</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/340800193">340800193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=New+Zealand+inventory+of+biodiversity&amp;rft.place=Christchurch%2C+N.Z.&amp;rft.pages=28&amp;rft.pub=Canterbury+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2009%2F2012&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F340800193&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-877257-72-8&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F340800193&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NYT-20150907-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20150907_38-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20150907_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDean2015" class="citation news cs1">Dean, Cornelia (7 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/08/science/the-tardigrade-water-bear.html">"The Tardigrade: Practically Invisible, Indestructible 'Water Bears'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=The+Tardigrade%3A+Practically+Invisible%2C+Indestructible+%27Water+Bears%27&amp;rft.date=2015-09-07&amp;rft.aulast=Dean&amp;rft.aufirst=Cornelia&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F09%2F08%2Fscience%2Fthe-tardigrade-water-bear.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHalbergPerssonRamløvWesth2009" class="citation journal cs1">Halberg,
Kenneth Agerlin; Persson, Dennis; Ramløv, Hans; Westh, Peter;
Kristensen, Reinhardt Møbjerg; Møbjerg, Nadja (1 September 2009).
"Cyclomorphosis in Tardigrada: adaptation to environmental constraints".
<i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>212</b> (17): 2803–11. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.029413">10.1242/jeb.029413</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19684214">19684214</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23429443">23429443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Cyclomorphosis+in+Tardigrada%3A+adaptation+to+environmental+constraints&amp;rft.volume=212&amp;rft.issue=17&amp;rft.pages=2803-11&amp;rft.date=2009-09-01&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23429443%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19684214&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.029413&amp;rft.aulast=Halberg&amp;rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Agerlin&amp;rft.au=Persson%2C+Dennis&amp;rft.au=Raml%C3%B8v%2C+Hans&amp;rft.au=Westh%2C+Peter&amp;rft.au=Kristensen%2C+Reinhardt+M%C3%B8bjerg&amp;rft.au=M%C3%B8bjerg%2C+Nadja&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRampelotto2010" class="citation journal cs1">Rampelotto, Pabulo Henrique (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu2061602">"Resistance of Microorganisms to Extreme Environmental Conditions and Its Contribution to Astrobiology"</a>. <i>Sustainability</i>. <b>2</b> (6): 1602–23. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Sust....2.1602R">2010Sust....2.1602R</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu2061602">10.3390/su2061602</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Sustainability&amp;rft.atitle=Resistance+of+Microorganisms+to+Extreme+Environmental+Conditions+and+Its+Contribution+to+Astrobiology&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1602-23&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsu2061602&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Sust....2.1602R&amp;rft.aulast=Rampelotto&amp;rft.aufirst=Pabulo+Henrique&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsu2061602&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRothschildMancinelli2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_J._Rothschild" title="Lynn J. Rothschild">Rothschild, Lynn J</a>; Mancinelli, Rocco L (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1233097">"Life in extreme environments"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>409</b> (6823): 1092–101. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.409.1092R">2001Natur.409.1092R</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35059215">10.1038/35059215</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11234023">11234023</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:529873">529873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Life+in+extreme+environments&amp;rft.volume=409&amp;rft.issue=6823&amp;rft.pages=1092-101&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35059215&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A529873%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11234023&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Natur.409.1092R&amp;rft.aulast=Rothschild&amp;rft.aufirst=Lynn+J&amp;rft.au=Mancinelli%2C+Rocco+L&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1233097&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBrennand2011" class="citation web cs1">Brennand, Emma (17 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/12855775">"Tardigrades: Water bears in space"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Tardigrades%3A+Water+bears+in+space&amp;rft.pub=BBC&amp;rft.date=2011-05-17&amp;rft.aulast=Brennand&amp;rft.aufirst=Emma&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnature%2F12855775&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-auto-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_43-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCroweCarpenterCrowe1998" class="citation news cs1">Crowe, John H.; Carpenter, John F.; Crowe, Lois M. (October 1998). "The role of vitrification in anhydrobiosis". <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Physiology" title="Annual Review of Physiology">Annual Review of Physiology</a></i>. Vol.&nbsp;60. pp.&nbsp;73–103. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.physiol.60.1.73">10.1146/annurev.physiol.60.1.73</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9558455">9558455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Physiology&amp;rft.atitle=The+role+of+vitrification+in+anhydrobiosis&amp;rft.volume=60&amp;rft.pages=73-103&amp;rft.date=1998-10&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.physiol.60.1.73&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9558455&amp;rft.aulast=Crowe&amp;rft.aufirst=John+H.&amp;rft.au=Carpenter%2C+John+F.&amp;rft.au=Crowe%2C+Lois+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Guidetti,_R._&amp;_Jönsson,_K.I._2002_181–187-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guidetti,_R._&amp;_Jönsson,_K.I._2002_181–187_44-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guidetti,_R._&amp;_Jönsson,_K.I._2002_181–187_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGuidettiJönsson2002" class="citation journal cs1">Guidetti, Roberto; Jönsson, K. Ingemar (2002). "Long-term anhydrobiotic survival in semi-terrestrial micrometazoans". <i>Journal of Zoology</i>. <b>257</b> (2): 181–87. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a>&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.630.9839">10.1.1.630.9839</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS095283690200078X">10.1017/S095283690200078X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Zoology&amp;rft.atitle=Long-term+anhydrobiotic+survival+in+semi-terrestrial+micrometazoans&amp;rft.volume=257&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=181-87&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.630.9839%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS095283690200078X&amp;rft.aulast=Guidetti&amp;rft.aufirst=Roberto&amp;rft.au=J%C3%B6nsson%2C+K.+Ingemar&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChimileskiKolter2017" class="citation book cs1">Chimileski, Scott; Kolter, Roberto (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674975910"><i>Life at the Edge of Sight: A Photographic Exploration of the Microbial World</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press: An Imprint of Harvard University Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674975910" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674975910"><bdi>978-0674975910</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Life+at+the+Edge+of+Sight%3A+A+Photographic+Exploration+of+the+Microbial+World&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&amp;rft.pub=Belknap+Press%3A+An+Imprint+of+Harvard+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.isbn=978-0674975910&amp;rft.aulast=Chimileski&amp;rft.aufirst=Scott&amp;rft.au=Kolter%2C+Roberto&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hup.harvard.edu%2Fcatalog.php%3Fisbn%3D9780674975910&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBell2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, Graham (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4721102">"Experimental macroevolution"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>283</b> (1822): 20152547. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2015.2547">10.1098/rspb.2015.2547</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4721102">4721102</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26763705">26763705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Experimental+macroevolution&amp;rft.volume=283&amp;rft.issue=1822&amp;rft.pages=20152547&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4721102%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26763705&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2015.2547&amp;rft.aulast=Bell&amp;rft.aufirst=Graham&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4721102&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/tardigrades-facts-water-bear-science-outer-space-2017-10">"Humans are just starting to understand this nearly invincible creature – and it's fascinating"</a>. <i>BusinessInsider.com</i>. Business Insider Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=BusinessInsider.com&amp;rft.atitle=Humans+are+just+starting+to+understand+this+nearly+invincible+creature+%E2%80%93+and+it%27s+fascinating&amp;rft.aulast=Anderson&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Ftardigrades-facts-water-bear-science-outer-space-2017-10&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jönsson,
K., &amp; Bertolani, R. (2001). Facts and fiction about long-term
survival in tardigrades. Journal of Zoology, 255(1), 121-123.
doi:10.1017/S0952836901001169</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-hibshman-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hibshman_49-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hibshman_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHibshmanCleggGoldstein2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hibshman, Jonathan D.; Clegg, James S.; Goldstein, Bob (2020-10-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7649794">"Mechanisms of Desiccation Tolerance: Themes and Variations in Brine Shrimp, Roundworms, and Tardigrades"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Physiology</i>. <b>11</b>: 592016. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffphys.2020.592016">10.3389/fphys.2020.592016</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1664-042X">1664-042X</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7649794">7649794</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33192606">33192606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Physiology&amp;rft.atitle=Mechanisms+of+Desiccation+Tolerance%3A+Themes+and+Variations+in+Brine+Shrimp%2C+Roundworms%2C+and+Tardigrades&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.pages=592016&amp;rft.date=2020-10-23&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7649794%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft.issn=1664-042X&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33192606&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffphys.2020.592016&amp;rft.aulast=Hibshman&amp;rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&amp;rft.au=Clegg%2C+James+S.&amp;rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Bob&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7649794&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-kamilari-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kamilari_50-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kamilari_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKamilariJørgensenSchiøttMøbjerg2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kamilari, Maria; Jørgensen, Aslak; Schiøtt, Morten; Møbjerg, Nadja (2019-07-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6652013">"Comparative transcriptomics suggest unique molecular adaptations within tardigrade lineages"</a>. <i>BMC Genomics</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 607. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12864-019-5912-x">10.1186/s12864-019-5912-x</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2164">1471-2164</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6652013">6652013</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31340759">31340759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BMC+Genomics&amp;rft.atitle=Comparative+transcriptomics+suggest+unique+molecular+adaptations+within+tardigrade+lineages&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=607&amp;rft.date=2019-07-24&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6652013%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft.issn=1471-2164&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31340759&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12864-019-5912-x&amp;rft.aulast=Kamilari&amp;rft.aufirst=Maria&amp;rft.au=J%C3%B8rgensen%2C+Aslak&amp;rft.au=Schi%C3%B8tt%2C+Morten&amp;rft.au=M%C3%B8bjerg%2C+Nadja&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6652013&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLapinskiTunnacliffe2003" class="citation journal cs1">Lapinski, Jens; Tunnacliffe, Alan (2003). "Anhydrobiosis without trehalose in bdelloid rotifers". <i>FEBS Letters</i>. <b>553</b> (3): 387–390. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0014-5793%2803%2901062-7">10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01062-7</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1873-3468">1873-3468</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14572656">14572656</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1692056">1692056</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=FEBS+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=Anhydrobiosis+without+trehalose+in+bdelloid+rotifers&amp;rft.volume=553&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=387-390&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.issn=1873-3468&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1692056%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14572656&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0014-5793%2803%2901062-7&amp;rft.aulast=Lapinski&amp;rft.aufirst=Jens&amp;rft.au=Tunnacliffe%2C+Alan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBoothbyTapiaBrozenaPiszkiewicz2017" class="citation journal cs1">Boothby,
Thomas C; Tapia, Hugo; Brozena, Alexandra H; Piszkiewicz, Samantha;
Smith, Austin E; Giovannini, Ilaria; Rebecchi, Lorena; Pielak, Gary J;
Koshland, Doug; Goldstein, Bob (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5987194">"Tardigrades Use Intrinsically Disordered Proteins to Survive Desiccation"</a>. <i>Molecular Cell</i>. <b>65</b> (6): 975–984.e5. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2017.02.018">10.1016/j.molcel.2017.02.018</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5987194">5987194</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28306513">28306513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Cell&amp;rft.atitle=Tardigrades+Use+Intrinsically+Disordered+Proteins+to+Survive+Desiccation&amp;rft.volume=65&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=975-984.e5&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5987194%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28306513&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2017.02.018&amp;rft.aulast=Boothby&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas+C&amp;rft.au=Tapia%2C+Hugo&amp;rft.au=Brozena%2C+Alexandra+H&amp;rft.au=Piszkiewicz%2C+Samantha&amp;rft.au=Smith%2C+Austin+E&amp;rft.au=Giovannini%2C+Ilaria&amp;rft.au=Rebecchi%2C+Lorena&amp;rft.au=Pielak%2C+Gary+J&amp;rft.au=Koshland%2C+Doug&amp;rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Bob&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5987194&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBoothbyPiszkiewiczHolehousePappu2018" class="citation journal cs1">Boothby, Thomas C.; Piszkiewicz, Samantha; Holehouse, Alex; Pappu, Rohit V.; Pielak, Gary J. (December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0011224018304024">"Tardigrades use intrinsically disordered proteins to survive desiccation"</a>. <i>Cryobiology</i>. <b>85</b>: 137–138. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cryobiol.2018.10.077">10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.10.077</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11380%2F1129511">11380/1129511</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:92411591">92411591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Cryobiology&amp;rft.atitle=Tardigrades+use+intrinsically+disordered+proteins+to+survive+desiccation&amp;rft.volume=85&amp;rft.pages=137-138&amp;rft.date=2018-12&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11380%2F1129511&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A92411591%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cryobiol.2018.10.077&amp;rft.aulast=Boothby&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&amp;rft.au=Piszkiewicz%2C+Samantha&amp;rft.au=Holehouse%2C+Alex&amp;rft.au=Pappu%2C+Rohit+V.&amp;rft.au=Pielak%2C+Gary+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0011224018304024&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFTaugerGill2016" class="citation news cs1">Tauger, Nathan; Gill, Victoria (20 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-37384466">"Survival secret of 'Earth's hardiest animal' revealed"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Survival+secret+of+%27Earth%27s+hardiest+animal%27+revealed&amp;rft.date=2016-09-20&amp;rft.aulast=Tauger&amp;rft.aufirst=Nathan&amp;rft.au=Gill%2C+Victoria&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-37384466&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Hashimoto_et_al._2015-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hashimoto_et_al._2015_55-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hashimoto_et_al._2015_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHashimotoHorikawaSaitoKuwahara2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hashimoto,
Takuma; Horikawa, Daiki D; Saito, Yuki; Kuwahara, Hirokazu;
Kozuka-Hata, Hiroko; Shin-i, Tadasu; Minakuchi, Yohei; Ohishi, Kazuko;
Motoyama, Ayuko; Aizu, Tomoyuki; Enomoto, Atsushi; Kondo, Koyuki;
Tanaka, Sae; Hara, Yuichiro; Koshikawa, Shigeyuki; Sagara, Hiroshi;
Miura, Toru; Yokobori, Shin-Ichi; Miyagawa, Kiyoshi; Suzuki, Yutaka;
Kubo, Takeo; Oyama, Masaaki; Kohara, Yuji; Fujiyama, Asao; Arakawa,
Kazuharu; Katayama, Toshiaki; Toyoda, Atsushi; Kunieda, Takekazu (2016).
<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5034306">"Extremotolerant tardigrade genome and improved radiotolerance of human cultured cells by tardigrade-unique protein"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>7</b>: 12808. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCo...712808H">2016NatCo...712808H</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms12808">10.1038/ncomms12808</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5034306">5034306</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27649274">27649274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&amp;rft.atitle=Extremotolerant+tardigrade+genome+and+improved+radiotolerance+of+human+cultured+cells+by+tardigrade-unique+protein&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.pages=12808&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5034306%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27649274&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms12808&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NatCo...712808H&amp;rft.aulast=Hashimoto&amp;rft.aufirst=Takuma&amp;rft.au=Horikawa%2C+Daiki+D&amp;rft.au=Saito%2C+Yuki&amp;rft.au=Kuwahara%2C+Hirokazu&amp;rft.au=Kozuka-Hata%2C+Hiroko&amp;rft.au=Shin-i%2C+Tadasu&amp;rft.au=Minakuchi%2C+Yohei&amp;rft.au=Ohishi%2C+Kazuko&amp;rft.au=Motoyama%2C+Ayuko&amp;rft.au=Aizu%2C+Tomoyuki&amp;rft.au=Enomoto%2C+Atsushi&amp;rft.au=Kondo%2C+Koyuki&amp;rft.au=Tanaka%2C+Sae&amp;rft.au=Hara%2C+Yuichiro&amp;rft.au=Koshikawa%2C+Shigeyuki&amp;rft.au=Sagara%2C+Hiroshi&amp;rft.au=Miura%2C+Toru&amp;rft.au=Yokobori%2C+Shin-Ichi&amp;rft.au=Miyagawa%2C+Kiyoshi&amp;rft.au=Suzuki%2C+Yutaka&amp;rft.au=Kubo%2C+Takeo&amp;rft.au=Oyama%2C+Masaaki&amp;rft.au=Kohara%2C+Yuji&amp;rft.au=Fujiyama%2C+Asao&amp;rft.au=Arakawa%2C+Kazuharu&amp;rft.au=Katayama%2C+Toshiaki&amp;rft.au=Toyoda%2C+Atsushi&amp;rft.au=Kunieda%2C+Takekazu&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5034306&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Piper" title="Ross Piper">Piper, Ross</a> (2007), <i>Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals</i>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Press</a>. p.&nbsp;277. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33922-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33922-6">978-0-313-33922-6</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-survival-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-survival_57-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-survival_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHorikawa2012" class="citation book cs1">Horikawa,
Daiki D (2012). "Survival of Tardigrades in Extreme Environments: A
Model Animal for Astrobiology". In Altenbach, Alexander V.; Bernhard,
Joan M.; Seckbach, Joseph (eds.). <i>Anoxia</i>. Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology. Vol.&nbsp;21. pp.&nbsp;205–17. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-1896-8_12">10.1007/978-94-007-1896-8_12</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-1895-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-1895-1"><bdi>978-94-007-1895-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Survival+of+Tardigrades+in+Extreme+Environments%3A+A+Model+Animal+for+Astrobiology&amp;rft.btitle=Anoxia&amp;rft.series=Cellular+Origin%2C+Life+in+Extreme+Habitats+and+Astrobiology&amp;rft.pages=205-17&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-1896-8_12&amp;rft.isbn=978-94-007-1895-1&amp;rft.aulast=Horikawa&amp;rft.aufirst=Daiki+D&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-CB-201602-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CB-201602_58-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFTsujimotoImuraKanda2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tsujimoto, Megumu; Imura, Satoshi; Kanda, Hiroshi (February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cryobiol.2015.12.003">"Recovery and reproduction of an Antarctic tardigrade retrieved from a moss sample frozen for over 30 years"</a>. <i>Cryobiology</i>. <b>72</b> (1): 78–81. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cryobiol.2015.12.003">10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.12.003</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26724522">26724522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Cryobiology&amp;rft.atitle=Recovery+and+reproduction+of+an+Antarctic+tardigrade+retrieved+from+a+moss+sample+frozen+for+over+30+years&amp;rft.volume=72&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=78-81&amp;rft.date=2015-02&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cryobiol.2015.12.003&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26724522&amp;rft.aulast=Tsujimoto&amp;rft.aufirst=Megumu&amp;rft.au=Imura%2C+Satoshi&amp;rft.au=Kanda%2C+Hiroshi&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cryobiol.2015.12.003&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBecquerel1950" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Becquerel, Paul (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3183z/f261.item">"La
suspension de la vie au dessous de 1/20&nbsp;K absolu par
demagnetization adiabatique de l'alun de fer dans le vide les plus
eléve"</a> [The suspension of life below 1/20&nbsp;K absolute by adiabatic demagnetization of iron alum in the highest vacuum]. <i>Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences</i> (in French). <b>231</b> (4): 261–63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus+des+S%C3%A9ances+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+des+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=La+suspension+de+la+vie+au+dessous+de+1%2F20+K+absolu+par+demagnetization+adiabatique+de+l%27alun+de+fer+dans+le+vide+les+plus+el%C3%A9ve&amp;rft.volume=231&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=261-63&amp;rft.date=1950&amp;rft.aulast=Becquerel&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k3183z%2Ff261.item&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNevesHvidepilSørensen-HygumStuart2020" class="citation journal cs1">Neves, Ricardo Cardoso; Hvidepil, Lykke K. B.; Sørensen-Hygum, Thomas L.; Stuart, Robyn M.; Møbjerg, Nadja (9 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6952461">"Thermotolerance
experiments on active and desiccated states of Ramazzottius
varieornatus emphasize that tardigrades are sensitive to high
temperatures"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 94. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatSR..10...94N">2020NatSR..10...94N</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-56965-z">10.1038/s41598-019-56965-z</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6952461">6952461</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31919388">31919388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&amp;rft.atitle=Thermotolerance+experiments+on+active+and+desiccated+states+of+Ramazzottius+varieornatus+emphasize+that+tardigrades+are+sensitive+to+high+temperatures&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=94&amp;rft.date=2020-01-09&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6952461%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31919388&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-019-56965-z&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatSR..10...94N&amp;rft.aulast=Neves&amp;rft.aufirst=Ricardo+Cardoso&amp;rft.au=Hvidepil%2C+Lykke+K.+B.&amp;rft.au=S%C3%B8rensen-Hygum%2C+Thomas+L.&amp;rft.au=Stuart%2C+Robyn+M.&amp;rft.au=M%C3%B8bjerg%2C+Nadja&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6952461&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Science-20210518-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Science-20210518_61-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Science-20210518_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFO'Callaghan2021" class="citation journal cs1">O'Callaghan, Jonathan (2021). "Hardy water bears survive bullet impacts—up to a point". <i>Science</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abj5282">10.1126/science.abj5282</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236376996">236376996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Hardy+water+bears+survive+bullet+impacts%E2%80%94up+to+a+point&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abj5282&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236376996%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=O%27Callaghan&amp;rft.aufirst=Jonathan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Jönsson,_K._Ingemar_&amp;_R._Bertolani_2001_121–123-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jönsson,_K._Ingemar_&amp;_R._Bertolani_2001_121–123_62-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jönsson,_K._Ingemar_&amp;_R._Bertolani_2001_121–123_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJönssonBertolani2001" class="citation journal cs1">Jönsson, K. Ingemar; Bertolani, Roberto (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lup.lub.lu.se/record/147519">"Facts and fiction about long-term survival in tardigrades"</a>. <i>Journal of Zoology</i>. <b>255</b> (1): 121–23. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0952836901001169">10.1017/S0952836901001169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Zoology&amp;rft.atitle=Facts+and+fiction+about+long-term+survival+in+tardigrades&amp;rft.volume=255&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=121-23&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0952836901001169&amp;rft.aulast=J%C3%B6nsson&amp;rft.aufirst=K.+Ingemar&amp;rft.au=Bertolani%2C+Roberto&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flup.lub.lu.se%2Frecord%2F147519&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Franceschi,_T._1948_47–49-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franceschi,_T._1948_47–49_63-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franceschi,_T._1948_47–49_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFranceschi1948" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Franceschi, T. (1948). "Anabiosi nei tardigradi" [Anabiosis in Tardigrades]. <i>Bollettino dei Musei e Degli Istituti Biologici dell'Università di Genova</i> (in Italian). <b>22</b>: 47–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bollettino+dei+Musei+e+Degli+Istituti+Biologici+dell%27Universit%C3%A0+di+Genova&amp;rft.atitle=Anabiosi+nei+tardigradi&amp;rft.volume=22&amp;rft.pages=47-49&amp;rft.date=1948&amp;rft.aulast=Franceschi&amp;rft.aufirst=T.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKent2000" class="citation cs2">Kent, Michael (2000), <i>Advanced Biology</i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Advanced+Biology&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.aulast=Kent&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHorikawaSakashitaKatagiriWatanabe2006" class="citation journal cs1">Horikawa,
Daiki D.; Sakashita, Tetsuya; Katagiri, Chihiro; Watanabe, Masahiko;
Kikawada, Takahiro; Nakahara, Yuichi; Hamada, Nobuyuki; Wada, Seiichi;
Funayama, Tomoo; Higashi, Seigo; Kobayashi, Yasuhiko; Okuda, Takashi;
Kuwabara, Mikinori (2006). "Radiation tolerance in the tardigrade
Milnesium tardigradum". <i>International Journal of Radiation Biology</i>. <b>82</b> (12): 843–848. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09553000600972956">10.1080/09553000600972956</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17178624">17178624</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25354328">25354328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Radiation+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Radiation+tolerance+in+the+tardigrade+Milnesium+tardigradum&amp;rft.volume=82&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=843-848&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25354328%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17178624&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09553000600972956&amp;rft.aulast=Horikawa&amp;rft.aufirst=Daiki+D.&amp;rft.au=Sakashita%2C+Tetsuya&amp;rft.au=Katagiri%2C+Chihiro&amp;rft.au=Watanabe%2C+Masahiko&amp;rft.au=Kikawada%2C+Takahiro&amp;rft.au=Nakahara%2C+Yuichi&amp;rft.au=Hamada%2C+Nobuyuki&amp;rft.au=Wada%2C+Seiichi&amp;rft.au=Funayama%2C+Tomoo&amp;rft.au=Higashi%2C+Seigo&amp;rft.au=Kobayashi%2C+Yasuhiko&amp;rft.au=Okuda%2C+Takashi&amp;rft.au=Kuwabara%2C+Mikinori&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Horikawa_et_al._2006-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Horikawa_et_al._2006_66-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horikawa_et_al._2006_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHorikawaSakashitaKatagiriWatanabe2009" class="citation journal cs1">Horikawa,
Daiki D; Sakashita, Tetsuya; Katagiri, Chihiro; Watanabe, Masahiko;
Kikawada, Takahiro; Nakahara, Yuichi; Hamada, Nobuyuki; Wada, Seiichi;
Funayama, Tomoo; Higashi, Seigo; Kobayashi, Yasuhiko; Okuda, Takashi;
Kuwabara, Mikinori (2009). "Radiation tolerance in the tardigrade <i>Milnesium tardigradum</i>". <i>International Journal of Radiation Biology</i>. <b>82</b> (12): 843–48. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09553000600972956">10.1080/09553000600972956</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17178624">17178624</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25354328">25354328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Radiation+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Radiation+tolerance+in+the+tardigrade+Milnesium+tardigradum&amp;rft.volume=82&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=843-48&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25354328%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17178624&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09553000600972956&amp;rft.aulast=Horikawa&amp;rft.aufirst=Daiki+D&amp;rft.au=Sakashita%2C+Tetsuya&amp;rft.au=Katagiri%2C+Chihiro&amp;rft.au=Watanabe%2C+Masahiko&amp;rft.au=Kikawada%2C+Takahiro&amp;rft.au=Nakahara%2C+Yuichi&amp;rft.au=Hamada%2C+Nobuyuki&amp;rft.au=Wada%2C+Seiichi&amp;rft.au=Funayama%2C+Tomoo&amp;rft.au=Higashi%2C+Seigo&amp;rft.au=Kobayashi%2C+Yasuhiko&amp;rft.au=Okuda%2C+Takashi&amp;rft.au=Kuwabara%2C+Mikinori&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHorikawa" class="citation web cs1">Horikawa, Daiki D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130218052059/https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/seminars/featured-seminar-channels/early-career-seminars/2012/04/24/uv-radiation-tolerance-of-tardigrades/">"UV Radiation Tolerance of Tardigrades"</a>. NASA.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/seminars/featured-seminar-channels/early-career-seminars/2012/04/24/uv-radiation-tolerance-of-tardigrades/">the original</a> on 2013-02-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=UV+Radiation+Tolerance+of+Tardigrades&amp;rft.pub=NASA.com&amp;rft.aulast=Horikawa&amp;rft.aufirst=Daiki+D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fastrobiology.nasa.gov%2Fseminars%2Ffeatured-seminar-channels%2Fearly-career-seminars%2F2012%2F04%2F24%2Fuv-radiation-tolerance-of-tardigrades%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Jönsson_2013-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jönsson_2013_68-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jönsson_2013_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJönssonBeltran-PardoHaghdoostWojcik2013" class="citation journal cs1">Jönsson,
Ingemar; Beltran-Pardo, Eliana; Haghdoost, Siamak; Wojcik, Andrzej;
Bermúdez-Cruz, Rosa María; Bernal Villegas, Jaime E; Harms-Ringdahl,
Mats (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4081%2Fjlimnol.2013.s1.e9">"Tolerance to gamma-irradiation in eggs of the tardigrade Richtersius coronifer depends on stage of development"</a>. <i>Journal of Limnology</i>. <b>72</b> (1): 9. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4081%2Fjlimnol.2013.s1.e9">10.4081/jlimnol.2013.s1.e9</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Limnology&amp;rft.atitle=Tolerance+to+gamma-irradiation+in+eggs+of+the+tardigrade+Richtersius+coronifer+depends+on+stage+of+development&amp;rft.volume=72&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=9&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4081%2Fjlimnol.2013.s1.e9&amp;rft.aulast=J%C3%B6nsson&amp;rft.aufirst=Ingemar&amp;rft.au=Beltran-Pardo%2C+Eliana&amp;rft.au=Haghdoost%2C+Siamak&amp;rft.au=Wojcik%2C+Andrzej&amp;rft.au=Berm%C3%BAdez-Cruz%2C+Rosa+Mar%C3%ADa&amp;rft.au=Bernal+Villegas%2C+Jaime+E&amp;rft.au=Harms-Ringdahl%2C+Mats&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4081%252Fjlimnol.2013.s1.e9&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NS-20080908-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NS-20080908_69-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NS-20080908_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCourtland2008" class="citation news cs1">Courtland, Rachel (8 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14690-water-bears-are-first-animal-to-survive-space-vacuum.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Water bears' are first animal to survive space vacuum"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&amp;rft.atitle=%27Water+bears%27+are+first+animal+to+survive+space+vacuum&amp;rft.date=2008-09-08&amp;rft.aulast=Courtland&amp;rft.aufirst=Rachel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn14690-water-bears-are-first-animal-to-survive-space-vacuum.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-low-earth-orbit-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-low-earth-orbit_70-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-low-earth-orbit_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-low-earth-orbit_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJönssonRabbowSchillHarms-Ringdahl2008" class="citation journal cs1">Jönsson, K. Ingemar; Rabbow, Elke; Schill, Ralph O; Harms-Ringdahl, Mats; Rettberg, Petra (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.06.048">"Tardigrades survive exposure to space in low Earth orbit"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>18</b> (17): R729–R731. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.06.048">10.1016/j.cub.2008.06.048</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18786368">18786368</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8566993">8566993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Tardigrades+survive+exposure+to+space+in+low+Earth+orbit&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.issue=17&amp;rft.pages=R729-R731&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8566993%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18786368&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.06.048&amp;rft.aulast=J%C3%B6nsson&amp;rft.aufirst=K.+Ingemar&amp;rft.au=Rabbow%2C+Elke&amp;rft.au=Schill%2C+Ralph+O&amp;rft.au=Harms-Ringdahl%2C+Mats&amp;rft.au=Rettberg%2C+Petra&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2008.06.048&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Science-20080908-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Science-20080908_71-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/5817-creature-survives-naked-space.html">"Creature Survives Naked in Space"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space.com" title="Space.com">Space.com</a>. 8 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Creature+Survives+Naked+in+Space&amp;rft.pub=Space.com&amp;rft.date=2008-09-08&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F5817-creature-survives-naked-space.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-MSNBC-20111222-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MSNBC-20111222_72-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMustain2011" class="citation web cs1">Mustain, Andrea (22 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/45766560">"Weird wildlife: The real land animals of Antarctica"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Weird+wildlife%3A+The+real+land+animals+of+Antarctica&amp;rft.pub=NBC+News&amp;rft.date=2011-12-22&amp;rft.aulast=Mustain&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrea&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F45766560&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJönssonRabbowSchillHarms-Ringdahl2008" class="citation journal cs1">Jönsson, K. Ingemar; Rabbow, Elke; Schill, Ralph O.; Harms-Ringdahl, Mats; Rettberg, Petra (September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.06.048">"Tardigrades survive exposure to space in low Earth orbit"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>18</b> (17): R729–R731. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.06.048">10.1016/j.cub.2008.06.048</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18786368">18786368</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8566993">8566993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Tardigrades+survive+exposure+to+space+in+low+Earth+orbit&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.issue=17&amp;rft.pages=R729-R731&amp;rft.date=2008-09&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8566993%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18786368&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.06.048&amp;rft.aulast=J%C3%B6nsson&amp;rft.aufirst=K.+Ingemar&amp;rft.au=Rabbow%2C+Elke&amp;rft.au=Schill%2C+Ralph+O.&amp;rft.au=Harms-Ringdahl%2C+Mats&amp;rft.au=Rettberg%2C+Petra&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2008.06.048&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNASA_Staff2011" class="citation web cs1">NASA Staff (17 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110417085459/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/BIOKIS.html">"BIOKon In Space (BIOKIS)"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/BIOKIS.html">the original</a> on 17 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=BIOKon+In+Space+%28BIOKIS%29&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft.date=2011-05-17&amp;rft.au=NASA+Staff&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fstation%2Fresearch%2Fexperiments%2FBIOKIS.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBrennard2011" class="citation web cs1">Brennard, Emma (17 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/12855775">"Tardigrades: Water bears in space"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Tardigrades%3A+Water+bears+in+space&amp;rft.pub=BBC&amp;rft.date=2011-05-17&amp;rft.aulast=Brennard&amp;rft.aufirst=Emma&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnature%2F12855775&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/12855775">"Tardigrades: Water bears in space"</a>. BBC Nature. 17 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Tardigrades%3A+Water+bears+in+space&amp;rft.pub=BBC+Nature&amp;rft.date=2011-05-17&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnature%2F12855775&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRebecchiAltieroRizzoCesari2012" class="citation book cs1">Rebecchi, L.; Altiero, T.; Rizzo, A. M.; Cesari, M.; Montorfano, G.; Marchioro, T.; Bertolani, R.; Guidetti, R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tardigrada.net/newsletter/images/symposia/12_Booklet.pdf">"Two tardigrade species on board of the STS-134 space flight"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>12th&nbsp;International Symposium on Tardigrada</i>. p.&nbsp;89. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2434%2F239127">2434/239127</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-989-96860-7-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-989-96860-7-6"><bdi>978-989-96860-7-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Two+tardigrade+species+on+board+of+the+STS-134+space+flight&amp;rft.btitle=12th+International+Symposium+on+Tardigrada&amp;rft.pages=89&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2434%2F239127&amp;rft.isbn=978-989-96860-7-6&amp;rft.aulast=Rebecchi&amp;rft.aufirst=L.&amp;rft.au=Altiero%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Rizzo%2C+A.+M.&amp;rft.au=Cesari%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Montorfano%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Marchioro%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Bertolani%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Guidetti%2C+R.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tardigrada.net%2Fnewsletter%2Fimages%2Fsymposia%2F12_Booklet.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFReuell2019" class="citation web cs1">Reuell, Peter (2019-07-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/07/harvard-study-suggests-asteroids-might-play-key-role-in-spreading-life/">"Harvard study suggests asteroids might play key role in spreading life"</a>. <i>Harvard Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Harvard+Gazette&amp;rft.atitle=Harvard+study+suggests+asteroids+might+play+key+role+in+spreading+life&amp;rft.date=2019-07-08&amp;rft.aulast=Reuell&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.harvard.edu%2Fgazette%2Fstory%2F2019%2F07%2Fharvard-study-suggests-asteroids-might-play-key-role-in-spreading-life%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WRD-20190805-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WRD-20190805_79-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFOberhaus2019" class="citation news cs1">Oberhaus, Daniel (5 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/a-crashed-israeli-lunar-lander-spilled-tardigrades-on-the-moon/">"A Crashed Israeli Lunar Lander Spilled Tardigrades On The Moon"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Wired&amp;rft.atitle=A+Crashed+Israeli+Lunar+Lander+Spilled+Tardigrades+On+The+Moon&amp;rft.date=2019-08-05&amp;rft.aulast=Oberhaus&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fstory%2Fa-crashed-israeli-lunar-lander-spilled-tardigrades-on-the-moon%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-VOX-20190806-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VOX-20190806_80-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFResnick2019" class="citation news cs1">Resnick, Brian (6 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/8/6/20756844/tardigrade-moon-beresheet-arch-mission">"Tardigrades,
the toughest animals on Earth, have crash-landed on the moon – The
tardigrade conquest of the solar system has begun"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Vox&amp;rft.atitle=Tardigrades%2C+the+toughest+animals+on+Earth%2C+have+crash-landed+on+the+moon+%E2%80%93+The+tardigrade+conquest+of+the+solar+system+has+begun&amp;rft.date=2019-08-06&amp;rft.aulast=Resnick&amp;rft.aufirst=Brian&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fscience-and-health%2F2019%2F8%2F6%2F20756844%2Ftardigrade-moon-beresheet-arch-mission&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Łukasz
Kaczmarek. Can Tardigrades Theoretically Survive on Mars? Conference:
Early Earth and ExoEarths: origin and evolution of lifeAt: Warszawa,
Poland. April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319213582_Can_tardigrades_theoretically_survive_on_Mars">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319213582_Can_tardigrades_theoretically_survive_on_Mars</a>. Accessed on Oct 16, 2021</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLedford2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ledford, Heidi (8 September 2008). "Spacesuits optional for 'water bears'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Nature</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2008.1087">10.1038/news.2008.1087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Spacesuits+optional+for+%27water+bears%27&amp;rft.date=2008-09-08&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnews.2008.1087&amp;rft.aulast=Ledford&amp;rft.aufirst=Heidi&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Cambell-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cambell_83-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambell_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellRota-StabelliEdgecombeMarchioro2011" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell,
Lahcen I.; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Marchioro,
Trevor; Longhorn, Stuart J.; Telford, Maximilian J.; Philippe, Hervé;
Rebecchi, Lorena; Peterson, Kevin J.; Pisani, Davide (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3179045">"MicroRNAs
and phylogenomics resolve the relationships of Tardigrada and suggest
that velvet worms are the sister group of Arthropoda"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>108</b> (38): 15920–24. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PNAS..10815920C">2011PNAS..10815920C</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1105499108">10.1073/pnas.1105499108</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3179045">3179045</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21896763">21896763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=MicroRNAs+and+phylogenomics+resolve+the+relationships+of+Tardigrada+and+suggest+that+velvet+worms+are+the+sister+group+of+Arthropoda&amp;rft.volume=108&amp;rft.issue=38&amp;rft.pages=15920-24&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3179045%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21896763&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1105499108&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PNAS..10815920C&amp;rft.aulast=Campbell&amp;rft.aufirst=Lahcen+I.&amp;rft.au=Rota-Stabelli%2C+Omar&amp;rft.au=Edgecombe%2C+Gregory+D.&amp;rft.au=Marchioro%2C+Trevor&amp;rft.au=Longhorn%2C+Stuart+J.&amp;rft.au=Telford%2C+Maximilian+J.&amp;rft.au=Philippe%2C+Herv%C3%A9&amp;rft.au=Rebecchi%2C+Lorena&amp;rft.au=Peterson%2C+Kevin+J.&amp;rft.au=Pisani%2C+Davide&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3179045&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Telford-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Telford_84-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFTelfordBourlatEconomouPapillon2008" class="citation journal cs1">Telford, Maximilian J.; Bourlat, Sarah J.; Economou, Andrew; Papillon, Daniel; Rota-Stabelli, Omar (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2614232">"The evolution of the Ecdysozoa"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>363</b> (1496): 1529–37. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2007.2243">10.1098/rstb.2007.2243</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20208544">20208544</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2614232">2614232</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18192181">18192181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+the+Ecdysozoa&amp;rft.volume=363&amp;rft.issue=1496&amp;rft.pages=1529-37&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2614232%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18192181&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20208544%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2007.2243&amp;rft.aulast=Telford&amp;rft.aufirst=Maximilian+J.&amp;rft.au=Bourlat%2C+Sarah+J.&amp;rft.au=Economou%2C+Andrew&amp;rft.au=Papillon%2C+Daniel&amp;rft.au=Rota-Stabelli%2C+Omar&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2614232&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBlaxterElsworthDaub2004" class="citation journal cs1">Blaxter, Mark; Elsworth, Ben; Daub, Jennifer (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1810026">"DNA taxonomy of a neglected animal phylum: An unexpected diversity of tardigrades"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>271</b> (Suppl 4): S189–92. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2003.0130">10.1098/rsbl.2003.0130</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4142714">4142714</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1810026">1810026</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15252980">15252980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=DNA+taxonomy+of+a+neglected+animal+phylum%3A+An+unexpected+diversity+of+tardigrades&amp;rft.volume=271&amp;rft.issue=Suppl+4&amp;rft.pages=S189-92&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1810026%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15252980&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4142714%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2003.0130&amp;rft.aulast=Blaxter&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;rft.au=Elsworth%2C+Ben&amp;rft.au=Daub%2C+Jennifer&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1810026&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-EotI-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EotI_86-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EotI_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGrimaldiEngel2005" class="citation book cs1">Grimaldi, David A.; Engel, Michael S. (2005). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutioninsects00grim_110"><i>Evolution of the Insects</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. pp.&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutioninsects00grim_110/page/n110">96</a>–97. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82149-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82149-0"><bdi>978-0-521-82149-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Evolution+of+the+Insects&amp;rft.pages=96-97&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-82149-0&amp;rft.aulast=Grimaldi&amp;rft.aufirst=David+A.&amp;rft.au=Engel%2C+Michael+S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutioninsects00grim_110&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Budd2001-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Budd2001_87-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBudd2001" class="citation journal cs1">Budd, Graham E (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223465290">"Tardigrades as 'Stem-Group Arthropods': The Evidence from the Cambrian Fauna"</a>. <i>Zoologischer Anzeiger</i>. <b>240</b> (3–4): 265–79. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1078%2F0044-5231-00034">10.1078/0044-5231-00034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Zoologischer+Anzeiger&amp;rft.atitle=Tardigrades+as+%27Stem-Group+Arthropods%27%3A+The+Evidence+from+the+Cambrian+Fauna&amp;rft.volume=240&amp;rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&amp;rft.pages=265-79&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1078%2F0044-5231-00034&amp;rft.aulast=Budd&amp;rft.aufirst=Graham+E&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F223465290&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-LS-20211005-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LS-20211005_88-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLanese2021" class="citation news cs1">Lanese, Nicoletta (5 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/new-tardigrade-species-found-in-amber">"Tardigrade trapped in amber is a never-before-seen species"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Science" title="Live Science">Live Science</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Live+Science&amp;rft.atitle=Tardigrade+trapped+in+amber+is+a+never-before-seen+species&amp;rft.date=2021-10-05&amp;rft.aulast=Lanese&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicoletta&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2Fnew-tardigrade-species-found-in-amber&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGrossTreffkornReicheltEpple2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gross,
Vladimir; Treffkorn, Sandra; Reichelt, Julian; Epple, Lisa; Lüter,
Carsten; Mayer, Georg (2018). "Miniaturization of tardigrades (water
bears): Morphological and genomic perspectives". <i>Arthropod Structure &amp; Development</i>. <b>48</b>: 12–19. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asd.2018.11.006">10.1016/j.asd.2018.11.006</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30447338">30447338</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53669741">53669741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Arthropod+Structure+%26+Development&amp;rft.atitle=Miniaturization+of+tardigrades+%28water+bears%29%3A+Morphological+and+genomic+perspectives&amp;rft.volume=48&amp;rft.pages=12-19&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53669741%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30447338&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.asd.2018.11.006&amp;rft.aulast=Gross&amp;rft.aufirst=Vladimir&amp;rft.au=Treffkorn%2C+Sandra&amp;rft.au=Reichelt%2C+Julian&amp;rft.au=Epple%2C+Lisa&amp;rft.au=L%C3%BCter%2C+Carsten&amp;rft.au=Mayer%2C+Georg&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ArtRels-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ArtRels_90-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFForteyThomas2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Fortey" title="Richard Fortey">Fortey, Richard A.</a>; Thomas, Richard H. (2001). <i>Arthropod Relationships</i>. Chapman &amp; Hall. p.&nbsp;383. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-412-75420-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-412-75420-3"><bdi>978-0-412-75420-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Arthropod+Relationships&amp;rft.pages=383&amp;rft.pub=Chapman+%26+Hall&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-412-75420-3&amp;rft.aulast=Fortey&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&amp;rft.au=Thomas%2C+Richard+H.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Smith2014-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith2014_91-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSmithOrtega-Hernández2014" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Martin R.; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dro.dur.ac.uk/19108/1/19108.pdf">"Hallucigenia's onychophoran-like claws and the case for Tactopoda"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>514</b> (7522): 363–66. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.514..363S">2014Natur.514..363S</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature13576">10.1038/nature13576</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25132546">25132546</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205239797">205239797</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Hallucigenia%27s+onychophoran-like+claws+and+the+case+for+Tactopoda&amp;rft.volume=514&amp;rft.issue=7522&amp;rft.pages=363-66&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature13576&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205239797%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25132546&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Natur.514..363S&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.aufirst=Martin+R.&amp;rft.au=Ortega-Hern%C3%A1ndez%2C+Javier&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdro.dur.ac.uk%2F19108%2F1%2F19108.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Budd1996-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Budd1996_92-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBudd1996" class="citation journal cs1">Budd, Graham E (1996). "The morphology of Opabinia regalis and the reconstruction of the arthropod stem-group". <i>Lethaia</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 1–14. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1502-3931.1996.tb01831.x">10.1111/j.1502-3931.1996.tb01831.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Lethaia&amp;rft.atitle=The+morphology+of+Opabinia+regalis+and+the+reconstruction+of+the+arthropod+stem-group&amp;rft.volume=29&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=1-14&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1502-3931.1996.tb01831.x&amp;rft.aulast=Budd&amp;rft.aufirst=Graham+E&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Kihm2023-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kihm2023_93-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKihmSmithKimRho2023" class="citation journal cs1">Kihm, Ji-Hoon; Smith, Frank W.; Kim, Sanghee; Rho, Hyun Soo; Zhang, Xingliang; Liu, Jianni; Park, Tae-Yoon S. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2211251120">"Cambrian lobopodians shed light on the origin of the tardigrade body plan"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>120</b> (28): e2211251120. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2211251120">10.1073/pnas.2211251120</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;10334802. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37399417">37399417</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Cambrian+lobopodians+shed+light+on+the+origin+of+the+tardigrade+body+plan&amp;rft.volume=120&amp;rft.issue=28&amp;rft.pages=e2211251120&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10334802%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37399417&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2211251120&amp;rft.aulast=Kihm&amp;rft.aufirst=Ji-Hoon&amp;rft.au=Smith%2C+Frank+W.&amp;rft.au=Kim%2C+Sanghee&amp;rft.au=Rho%2C+Hyun+Soo&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+Xingliang&amp;rft.au=Liu%2C+Jianni&amp;rft.au=Park%2C+Tae-Yoon+S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1073%252Fpnas.2211251120&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1964" class="citation journal cs1">Cooper, Kenneth W. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F1964%2F48418">"The first fossil tardigrade: <i>Beorn leggi</i>, from Cretaceous Amber"</a>. <i>Psyche: A Journal of Entomology</i>. <b>71</b> (2): 41–48. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F1964%2F48418">10.1155/1964/48418</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Psyche%3A+A+Journal+of+Entomology&amp;rft.atitle=The+first+fossil+tardigrade%3A+Beorn+leggi%2C+from+Cretaceous+Amber&amp;rft.volume=71&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=41-48&amp;rft.date=1964&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F1964%2F48418&amp;rft.aulast=Cooper&amp;rft.aufirst=Kenneth+W.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1155%252F1964%252F48418&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGuidettiBertolani2018" class="citation cs2">Guidetti, Roberto; Bertolani, Roberto (2018), Schill, Ralph O. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-95702-9_5">"Paleontology and Molecular Dating"</a>, <i>Water Bears: The Biology of Tardigrades</i>, Cham: Springer International Publishing, vol.&nbsp;2, pp.&nbsp;131–143, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-95702-9_5">10.1007/978-3-319-95702-9_5</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-95701-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-95701-2"><bdi>978-3-319-95701-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-24</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Water+Bears%3A+The+Biology+of+Tardigrades&amp;rft.atitle=Paleontology+and+Molecular+Dating&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.pages=131-143&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-95702-9_5&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-319-95701-2&amp;rft.aulast=Guidetti&amp;rft.aufirst=Roberto&amp;rft.au=Bertolani%2C+Roberto&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-95702-9_5&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Poinar2019-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Poinar2019_96-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPoinarNelson2019" class="citation journal cs1">Poinar, George; Nelson, Diane R. (September 28, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ivb.12265">"A new microinvertebrate with features of mites and tardigrades in Dominican amber"</a>. <i>Invertebrate Biology</i>. <b>138</b> (4). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fivb.12265">10.1111/ivb.12265</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1077-8306">1077-8306</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204157733">204157733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Invertebrate+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=A+new+microinvertebrate+with+features+of+mites+and+tardigrades+in+Dominican+amber&amp;rft.volume=138&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.date=2019-09-28&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A204157733%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.issn=1077-8306&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fivb.12265&amp;rft.aulast=Poinar&amp;rft.aufirst=George&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C+Diane+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fivb.12265&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GIZMODO2019-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GIZMODO2019_97-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDvorsky,_George2019" class="citation web cs1">Dvorsky, George (October 9, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2019/10/youve-heard-of-water-bears-but-how-about-these-ancient-mold-pigs/">"You've Heard Of Water Bears, But How About These Ancient Mould Pigs?"</a>. Gizmodo<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=You%27ve+Heard+Of+Water+Bears%2C+But+How+About+These+Ancient+Mould+Pigs%3F&amp;rft.pub=Gizmodo&amp;rft.date=2019-10-09&amp;rft.au=Dvorsky%2C+George&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gizmodo.com.au%2F2019%2F10%2Fyouve-heard-of-water-bears-but-how-about-these-ancient-mold-pigs%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genomesize.com/search.php?search=type&amp;value=Tardigrades&amp;display=100">"Genome Size of Tardigrades"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Genome+Size+of+Tardigrades&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomesize.com%2Fsearch.php%3Fsearch%3Dtype%26value%3DTardigrades%26display%3D100&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFYoshidaKoutsovoulosLaetschStevens2017" class="citation journal cs1">Yoshida,
Yuki; Koutsovoulos, Georgios; Laetsch, Dominik R.; Stevens, Lewis;
Kumar, Sujai; Horikawa, Daiki D.; Ishino, Kyoko; Komine, Shiori;
Kunieda, Takekazu; Tomita, Masaru; Blaxter, Mark; Arakawa, Kazuharu;
Tyler-Smith, Chris (27 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5531438">"Comparative genomics of the tardigrades Hypsibius dujardini and Ramazzottius varieornatus"</a>. <i>PLOS Biology</i>. <b>15</b> (7): e2002266. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.2002266">10.1371/journal.pbio.2002266</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5531438">5531438</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28749982">28749982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Comparative+genomics+of+the+tardigrades+Hypsibius+dujardini+and+Ramazzottius+varieornatus&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=e2002266&amp;rft.date=2017-07-27&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5531438%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28749982&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.2002266&amp;rft.aulast=Yoshida&amp;rft.aufirst=Yuki&amp;rft.au=Koutsovoulos%2C+Georgios&amp;rft.au=Laetsch%2C+Dominik+R.&amp;rft.au=Stevens%2C+Lewis&amp;rft.au=Kumar%2C+Sujai&amp;rft.au=Horikawa%2C+Daiki+D.&amp;rft.au=Ishino%2C+Kyoko&amp;rft.au=Komine%2C+Shiori&amp;rft.au=Kunieda%2C+Takekazu&amp;rft.au=Tomita%2C+Masaru&amp;rft.au=Blaxter%2C+Mark&amp;rft.au=Arakawa%2C+Kazuharu&amp;rft.au=Tyler-Smith%2C+Chris&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5531438&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGabrielMcNuffPatelGregory2007" class="citation journal cs1">Gabriel,
Willow N; McNuff, Robert; Patel, Sapna K; Gregory, T. Ryan; Jeck,
William R; Jones, Corbin D; Goldstein, Bob (2007). "The tardigrade
Hypsibius dujardini, a new model for studying the evolution of
development". <i>Developmental Biology</i>. <b>312</b> (2): 545–559. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ydbio.2007.09.055">10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.09.055</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17996863">17996863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Developmental+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=The+tardigrade+Hypsibius+dujardini%2C+a+new+model+for+studying+the+evolution+of+development&amp;rft.volume=312&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=545-559&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ydbio.2007.09.055&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17996863&amp;rft.aulast=Gabriel&amp;rft.aufirst=Willow+N&amp;rft.au=McNuff%2C+Robert&amp;rft.au=Patel%2C+Sapna+K&amp;rft.au=Gregory%2C+T.+Ryan&amp;rft.au=Jeck%2C+William+R&amp;rft.au=Jones%2C+Corbin+D&amp;rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Bob&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fiona Macdonald (7 December 2015). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencealert.com/new-research-casts-doubt-on-the-claim-that-tardigrades-get-one-sixth-of-dna-from-other-species">New Research Casts Doubt on The Claim That Tardigrades Get 1/6 of DNA From Other Species</a>". <i>ScienceAlert</i>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMínguez-ToralCuevas-ZuviríaGarrido-ArandiaPacios2020" class="citation journal cs1">Mínguez-Toral, Marina; Cuevas-Zuviría, Bruno; Garrido-Arandia, María; Pacios, Luis F. (December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7414916">"A computational structural study on the DNA-protecting role of the tardigrade-unique Dsup protein"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 13424. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatSR..1013424M">2020NatSR..1013424M</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-020-70431-1">10.1038/s41598-020-70431-1</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7414916">7414916</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32770133">32770133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&amp;rft.atitle=A+computational+structural+study+on+the+DNA-protecting+role+of+the+tardigrade-unique+Dsup+protein&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=13424&amp;rft.date=2020-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7414916%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatSR..1013424M&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32770133&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-020-70431-1&amp;rft.issn=2045-2322&amp;rft.aulast=M%C3%ADnguez-Toral&amp;rft.aufirst=Marina&amp;rft.au=Cuevas-Zuvir%C3%ADa%2C+Bruno&amp;rft.au=Garrido-Arandia%2C+Mar%C3%ADa&amp;rft.au=Pacios%2C+Luis+F.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7414916&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chavez
C, Cruz-Becerra G, Fei J, Kassavetis GA, Kadonaga JT. The tardigrade
damage suppressor protein binds to nucleosomes and protects DNA from
hydroxyl radicals. Elife. 2019 Oct 1;8:e47682. doi: 10.7554/eLife.47682.
PMID 31571581; PMCID: PMC6773438</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricci
C, Riolo G, Marzocchi C, Brunetti J, Pini A, Cantara S. The Tardigrade
Damage Suppressor Protein Modulates Transcription Factor and DNA Repair
Genes in Human Cells Treated with Hydroxyl Radicals and UV-C. Biology
(Basel). 2021 Sep 27;10(10):970. doi: 10.3390/biology10100970. PMID
34681069; PMCID: PMC8533384</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKinchin1987" class="citation journal cs1">Kinchin, IM (1987). "The moss fauna 1; Tardigrades". <i>Journal of Biological Education</i>. <b>21</b> (4): 288–90. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00219266.1987.9654916">10.1080/00219266.1987.9654916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biological+Education&amp;rft.atitle=The+moss+fauna+1%3B+Tardigrades.&amp;rft.volume=21&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=288-90&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00219266.1987.9654916&amp;rft.aulast=Kinchin&amp;rft.aufirst=IM&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBlum2019" class="citation book cs1">Blum, Hester (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia803005.us.archive.org/13/items/newsatendsofeart00blum/newsatendsofeart00blum.pdf"><i>The News at the Ends of the Earth: The Print Culture of Polar Exploration</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p.&nbsp;170. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781478004486" title="Special:BookSources/9781478004486"><bdi>9781478004486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+News+at+the+Ends+of+the+Earth%3A+The+Print+Culture+of+Polar+Exploration&amp;rft.pages=170&amp;rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft.isbn=9781478004486&amp;rft.aulast=Blum&amp;rft.aufirst=Hester&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fia803005.us.archive.org%2F13%2Fitems%2Fnewsatendsofeart00blum%2Fnewsatendsofeart00blum.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailydot.com/parsec/quantum-realm-ant-man/">"How the Quantum Realm could play into future Marvel films"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Dot" title="The Daily Dot">The Daily Dot</a></i>. 10 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Dot&amp;rft.atitle=How+the+Quantum+Realm+could+play+into+future+Marvel+films&amp;rft.date=2018-07-10&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailydot.com%2Fparsec%2Fquantum-realm-ant-man%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKing2018" class="citation news cs1">King, Darryn (6 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/06/movies/antman-and-the-wasp-science.html">"The Science (and the Scientists) Behind 'Ant-Man'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=The+Science+%28and+the+Scientists%29+Behind+%27Ant-Man%27&amp;rft.date=2018-07-06&amp;rft.aulast=King&amp;rft.aufirst=Darryn&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F07%2F06%2Fmovies%2Fantman-and-the-wasp-science.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/entertainment/movies/ant-man-and-the-wasp-needs-a-little-help">"Ant-Man and the Wasp needs a little help"</a>. 4 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2018</span>. <q>Ant-Man
and the Wasp is still intermittent fun, particularly for fans of
tardigrades, the water-dwelling micro-fauna that had a brief cameo in
the first Ant-Man, and get their well-deserved close-up in this one.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Ant-Man+and+the+Wasp+needs+a+little+help&amp;rft.date=2018-07-04&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmovies%2Fant-man-and-the-wasp-needs-a-little-help&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="&nbsp;Dead link tagged July 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ew.com/article/2014/06/10/lance-henriksen-harbinger-down/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Harbinger Down': New trailer for creature feature"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Entertainment+Weekly&amp;rft.atitle=%27Harbinger+Down%27%3A+New+trailer+for+creature+feature&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Few.com%2Farticle%2F2014%2F06%2F10%2Flance-henriksen-harbinger-down%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bloody-disgusting.com/reviews/3351171/review-harbinger-bleak-tiring-vanilla-creature-feature/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Harbinger Down' Review: A Bleak &amp; Vanilla Creature Feature"</a>. <i>bloody-disgusting.com</i>. 31 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=bloody-disgusting.com&amp;rft.atitle=%27Harbinger+Down%27+Review%3A+A+Bleak+%26+Vanilla+Creature+Feature&amp;rft.date=2015-07-31&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbloody-disgusting.com%2Freviews%2F3351171%2Freview-harbinger-bleak-tiring-vanilla-creature-feature%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRaftery2016" class="citation news cs1">Raftery, Brian (5 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2016/10/paper-girls-must-read/">"If You Only Read One Comic This Month, Make It 'Paper Girls'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Wired</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Wired&amp;rft.atitle=If+You+Only+Read+One+Comic+This+Month%2C+Make+It+%27Paper+Girls%27&amp;rft.date=2016-10-05&amp;rft.aulast=Raftery&amp;rft.aufirst=Brian&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2016%2F10%2Fpaper-girls-must-read%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diymag.com/2015/02/02/cosmo-sheldrake-shares-new-single-and-tour-dates">"Cosmo Sheldrake shares new single and tour dates"</a>. <i>DIY</i>. 2 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=DIY&amp;rft.atitle=Cosmo+Sheldrake+shares+new+single+and+tour+dates&amp;rft.date=2015-02-02&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiymag.com%2F2015%2F02%2F02%2Fcosmo-sheldrake-shares-new-single-and-tour-dates&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.folkradio.co.uk/2015/02/cosmo-sheldrake-tardigrade-song/">"Cosmo Sheldrake - Tardigrade Song | Folk Radio"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_Radio_UK" title="Folk Radio UK">Folk Radio UK</a> - Folk Music Magazine</i>. 2 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Folk+Radio+UK+-+Folk+Music+Magazine&amp;rft.atitle=Cosmo+Sheldrake+-+Tardigrade+Song+%7C+Folk+Radio&amp;rft.date=2015-02-02&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.folkradio.co.uk%2F2015%2F02%2Fcosmo-sheldrake-tardigrade-song%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inverse.com/article/37284-tardigrade-star-trek-ripper">"The Scientific Truth About Ripper the 'Star Trek' Tardigrade Is a Huge Relief"</a>. 10 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Scientific+Truth+About+Ripper+the+%27Star+Trek%27+Tardigrade+Is+a+Huge+Relief&amp;rft.date=2017-10-10&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inverse.com%2Farticle%2F37284-tardigrade-star-trek-ripper&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSalzberg" class="citation web cs1">Salzberg, Steven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevensalzberg/2017/10/30/new-star-trek-series-makes-massive-science-blunder/#47c2d5631b37">"New 'Star Trek' Series Makes Massive Science Blunder"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Forbes&amp;rft.atitle=New+%27Star+Trek%27+Series+Makes+Massive+Science+Blunder&amp;rft.aulast=Salzberg&amp;rft.aufirst=Steven&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fstevensalzberg%2F2017%2F10%2F30%2Fnew-star-trek-series-makes-massive-science-blunder%2F%2347c2d5631b37&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPlacido" class="citation web cs1">Placido, Dani Di. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/danidiplacido/2017/11/16/south-park-review-cartman-creates-a-monster-in-moss-piglets/#4bec978e3dca">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'South Park' Review: Cartman Creates A Monster In 'Moss Piglets'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Forbes&amp;rft.atitle=%27South+Park%27+Review%3A+Cartman+Creates+A+Monster+In+%27Moss+Piglets%27&amp;rft.aulast=Placido&amp;rft.aufirst=Dani+Di&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fdanidiplacido%2F2017%2F11%2F16%2Fsouth-park-review-cartman-creates-a-monster-in-moss-piglets%2F%234bec978e3dca&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com.au/south-park-season-21-episode-8-live-stream-moss-piglets-1561712">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'South Park' season 21 episode 8 live stream: 'Moss Piglets'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 15 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=%27South+Park%27+season+21+episode+8+live+stream%3A+%27Moss+Piglets%27&amp;rft.date=2017-11-15&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com.au%2Fsouth-park-season-21-episode-8-live-stream-moss-piglets-1561712&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNicole_Yang2018" class="citation web cs1">Nicole Yang (22 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/sports/boston-celtics/2018/10/22/kyrie-irving-family-guy">"Kyrie Irving got a credit in the most recent episode of 'Family Guy'. Meet "Vernon The Water Bear."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Boston Globe Media Partners, LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Kyrie+Irving+got+a+credit+in+the+most+recent+episode+of+%27Family+Guy%27.+Meet+%22Vernon+The+Water+Bear.%22&amp;rft.pub=Boston+Globe+Media+Partners%2C+LLC&amp;rft.date=2018-10-22&amp;rft.au=Nicole+Yang&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fsports%2Fboston-celtics%2F2018%2F10%2F22%2Fkyrie-irving-family-guy&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus_Stewart2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Marcus Stewart (21 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gameinformer.com/exclusive/2021/03/31/how-sam-max-this-time-its-virtual-brings-the-comedic-crime-fighting-duo-to-vr">"How Sam &amp; Max: This Time It's Virtual! Brings The Comedic Crime-Fighting Duo To VR"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer" title="Game Informer">Game Informer</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Game+Informer&amp;rft.atitle=How+Sam+%26+Max%3A+This+Time+It%27s+Virtual%21+Brings+The+Comedic+Crime-Fighting+Duo+To+VR&amp;rft.date=2021-03-21&amp;rft.au=Marcus+Stewart&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gameinformer.com%2Fexclusive%2F2021%2F03%2F31%2Fhow-sam-max-this-time-its-virtual-brings-the-comedic-crime-fighting-duo-to-vr&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1134653256">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style>
<div class="side-box-flex">
<div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Wikispecies-logo.svg_003.webp" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Wikispecies-logo.svg_002.webp 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Wikispecies-logo.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103"></span></span></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Tardigrada">Tardigrada</a></b></i>.</div></div>
</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1134653256"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409">
<div class="side-box-flex">
<div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Commons-logo.svg_003.webp" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Commons-logo.svg_002.webp 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Commons-logo.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></span></span></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tardigrada" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tardigrada">Tardigrada</a></span>.</div></div>
</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em">
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tardigrada.net/">Tardigrada Register</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320234913/http://www.tardigrada.net/">Archived</a> 2015-03-20 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap130306.html">NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: Tardigrade in Moss (6 March 2013)</a></li></ul>
</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Drinking_water_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/25px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Issoria_lathonia.jpg_002.webp" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/32px-Issoria_lathonia.webp 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Issoria_lathonia.jpg.webp 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/21px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/32px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.webp 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg.webp 2x" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="1885"></span></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="Portal:San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cercophonius_squama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Cercophonius_squama_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Cercophonius_squama_003.jpg 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Cercophonius_squama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1974" data-file-height="1606"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Arthropods" title="Portal:Arthropods">Arthropods</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Terra.png_003.webp" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Terra.png_002.webp 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Terra.png.webp 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></span></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tiktaalik_BW_flopped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Tiktaalik_BW_flopped_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Tiktaalik_BW_flopped_003.jpg 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Tiktaalik_BW_flopped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="244"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Paleozoic" title="Portal:Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes_002.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png.webp 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000"></span></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Paleontology" title="Portal:Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li></ul></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_Animal_phyla" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);background:rgb(211,211,164)"><button type="button" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0"><span class="mw-collapsible-text">show</span></button><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Animalia" title="Template:Animalia"><abbr title="View this template" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);background:rgb(211,211,164);background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Animalia" title="Template talk:Animalia"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);background:rgb(211,211,164);background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Animalia&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);background:rgb(211,211,164);background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_Animal_phyla" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animal</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phyla</a></div></th></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(235,235,210)"><div><div class="hlist">
<dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">Domain</a></span></dt>
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Archaea_classification" title="Template:Archaea classification">Archaea</a></dd>
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bacteria_classification" title="Template:Bacteria classification">Bacteria</a></dd>
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Eukaryota" title="Template:Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></dd>
<dt><span class="nobold">(Major groups</span></dt>
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a>
<dl><dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plant</a></dd>
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Stramenopile" title="Template:Stramenopile">Stramenopiles</a></dd>
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Alveolata" title="Template:Alveolata">Alveolata</a></dd>
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Rhizaria" title="Template:Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></dd></dl></dd>
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a>
<dl><dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Amoebozoa" title="Template:Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></dd>
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Opisthokont_protists" title="Template:Opisthokont protists">Opisthokonta</a>
<dl><dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Animalia" title="Template:Animalia">Animal</a></dd>
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Fungi_classification" title="Template:Fungi classification">Fungi</a>)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl>
</div></div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Animalia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:rgb(245,245,232);width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge"><b>Porifera (sponges)</b></a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora (comb jellies)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ParaHoxozoa" title="ParaHoxozoa">ParaHoxozoa</a><br>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planulozoa" title="Planulozoa">Planulozoa</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa (<i>Trichoplax</i> and relatives)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria"><b>Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)</b></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a> (Triploblasts)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>(see below↓)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(245,245,232)"><div>
<dl><dt><span class="nobold">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogeny</a> of the animal root <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal#Internal_phylogeny" title="Animal">is disputed</a>; see also</span></dt>
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eumetazoa" title="Eumetazoa">Eumetazoa</a></dd>
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benthozoa" title="Benthozoa">Benthozoa</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup mw-made-collapsible" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(235,235,210)"><button type="button" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default" aria-expanded="true" tabindex="0"><span class="mw-collapsible-text">hide</span></button><div id="Bilateria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bilateria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:rgb(245,245,232);width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -24px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)</a></li>
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata (chordates)</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulacraria" title="Ambulacraria">Ambulacraria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm"><b>Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)</b></a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Protostomia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -35px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">Protostomia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -30px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Scalidophora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalidophora" title="Scalidophora">Scalidophora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">Priapulida (penis worms)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">N+L+P</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nematoida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematoida" title="Nematoida">Nematoida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode"><b>Nematoda (roundworms)</b></a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="L+P" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">L+P</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loricifera" title="Loricifera">Loricifera (corset animals)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panarthropoda" title="Panarthropoda">Panarthropoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora (velvet worms)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactopoda" title="Tactopoda">Tactopoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod"><b>Arthropoda (arthropods)</b></a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b>Tardigrada (waterbears)</b></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -20px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiralia" title="Spiralia">Spiralia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gnathifera" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathifera_(clade)" title="Gnathifera (clade)">Gnathifera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha">Chaetognatha (arrow worms)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomulid" title="Gnathostomulid">Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">M+S</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnognathia" title="Limnognathia">Micrognathozoa <i>(Limnognathia)</i></a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndermata" title="Syndermata">Syndermata</a>
<ul><li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotifer" title="Rotifer">Rotifera (wheel animals)</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)</a></b></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -41px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platytrochozoa" title="Platytrochozoa">Platytrochozoa</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="R+M" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">R+M</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouphozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouphozoa">Rouphozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm"><b>Platyhelminthes (flatworms)</b></a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrotrich" title="Gastrotrich">Gastrotricha (hairybacks)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoa" title="Mesozoa">Mesozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthonectida" title="Orthonectida">Orthonectida</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicyemida" title="Dicyemida">Dicyemida or Rhombozoa</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoblastozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoblastozoa">Monoblastozoa (<i>Salinella</i>)</a>†</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -44px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophotrochozoa" title="Lophotrochozoa">Lophotrochozoa</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbion" title="Symbion">Cycliophora (<i>Symbion</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid"><b>Annelida (segmented worms)</b></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">M+K</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca"><b>Mollusca (molluscs)</b></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryptotrochozoa" title="Kryptotrochozoa">Kryptotrochozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea"><b>Nemertea (ribbon worms)</b></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophophorata" title="Lophophorata">Lophophorata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa s.l.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entoprocta" title="Entoprocta">Entoprocta or Kamptozoa</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa"><b>Ectoprocta (moss animals)</b></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachiozoa" title="Brachiozoa">Brachiozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">Brachiopoda (lamp shells)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoronid" title="Phoronid">Phoronida (horseshoe worms)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(245,245,232)"><div>
<dl><dt><span class="nobold">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogeny</a> of Bilateria <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateria#Phylogeny" title="Bilateria">is disputed</a>; see also</span></dt>
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrozoa" title="Nephrozoa">Nephrozoa</a></dd>
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterostome" title="Deuterostome">Deuterostomia</a></dd>
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenambulacraria" title="Xenambulacraria">Xenambulacraria</a></dd>
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centroneuralia" title="Centroneuralia">Centroneuralia</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><hr></div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Major_groupswithin_phyla" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #f0f0f0;">Major groups<br>within phyla</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">Sponges</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demosponge" title="Demosponge">Demosponges</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexactinellid" title="Hexactinellid">Glass sponges</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcareous_sponge" title="Calcareous sponge">Calcareous sponges</a></li></ul></li>
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidarians</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthozoa" title="Anthozoa">Anthozoans inc. corals</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medusozoa" title="Medusozoa">Medusozoans inc. jellyfish</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxozoa" title="Myxozoa">Myxozoans</a></li></ul></li>
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordates</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalochordate" title="Cephalochordate">Lancelets</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunicate" title="Tunicate">Tunicates</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrates</a></li></ul></li>
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderms</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crinozoa" title="Crinozoa">Sea lilies</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterozoa" title="Asterozoa">Asterozoans inc. starfish</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinozoa" title="Echinozoa">Echinozoans inc. sea urchins</a></li></ul></li>
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordates</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn_worm" title="Acorn worm">Acorn worms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterobranchia" title="Pterobranchia">Pterobranchs</a></li></ul></li>
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">Nematodes</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromadorea" title="Chromadorea">Chromadorea</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoplea" title="Enoplea">Enoplea</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secernentea" title="Secernentea">Secernentea</a></li></ul></li>
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropods</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelicerata" title="Chelicerata">Chelicerates inc. arachnids</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myriapoda" title="Myriapoda">Myriapods</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustaceans</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">Hexapods inc. insects</a></li></ul></li>
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">Platyhelminths</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbellaria" title="Turbellaria">Turbellaria</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trematoda" title="Trematoda">Trematoda</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogenea" title="Monogenea">Monogenea</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cestoda" title="Cestoda">Cestoda</a></li></ul></li>
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Ectoproctans</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylactolaemata" title="Phylactolaemata">Phylactolaemata</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenolaemata" title="Stenolaemata">Stenolaemata</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnolaemata" title="Gymnolaemata">Gymnolaemata</a></li></ul></li>
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">Annelids</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychaete" title="Polychaete">Polychaetes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitellata" title="Clitellata">Clitellata</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipuncula" title="Sipuncula">Sipuncula</a></li></ul></li>
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Molluscs</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">Gastropods</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">Cephalopods</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">Bivalves</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">Chitons</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusk_shell" title="Tusk shell">Tusk shells</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(235,235,210)"><div>
<dl><dd>Phyla with ≥1000 extant species <b>bolded</b></dd>
<dd>Potentially <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubious_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubious species">dubious phyla</a> †</dd></dl>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extremophiles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><button type="button" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0"><span class="mw-collapsible-text">show</span></button><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Extremophiles" title="Template:Extremophiles"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Extremophiles" title="Template talk:Extremophiles"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Extremophiles&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extremophiles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">Extremophiles</a></div></th></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidophile" title="Acidophile">Acidophile</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaliphile" title="Alkaliphile">Alkaliphile</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capnophile" title="Capnophile">Capnophile</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endolith" title="Endolith">Endolith</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halophile" title="Halophile">Halophile</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypolith" title="Hypolith">Hypolith</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipophilic_bacteria" title="Lipophilic bacteria">Lipophile</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithoautotroph" title="Lithoautotroph">Lithoautotroph</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithophile" title="Lithophile">Lithophile</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanogen" title="Methanogen">Methanogen</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallotolerant" title="Metallotolerant">Metallotolerant</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligotroph" title="Oligotroph">Oligotroph</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmophile" title="Osmophile">Osmophile</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezophile" title="Piezophile">Piezophile</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyextremophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyextremophile">Polyextremophile</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psammophile" title="Psammophile">Psammophile</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychrophile" title="Psychrophile">Psychrophile</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioresistance" title="Radioresistance">Radioresistant</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermophile" title="Thermophile">Thermophile</a>&nbsp;/ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthermophile" title="Hyperthermophile">Hyperthermophile</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoacidophile" title="Thermoacidophile">Thermoacidophile</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerophile" title="Xerophile">Xerophile</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;">Notable<br>extremophiles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroflexus_aurantiacus" title="Chloroflexus aurantiacus">Chloroflexus aurantiacus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans" title="Deinococcus radiodurans">Deinococcus radiodurans</a></i></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinococcota" title="Deinococcota">Deinococcota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snottite" title="Snottite">Snottite</a></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermus_aquaticus" title="Thermus aquaticus">Thermus aquaticus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermus_thermophilus" title="Thermus thermophilus">Thermus thermophilus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirochaeta_americana" title="Spirochaeta americana">Spirochaeta americana</a></i></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GFAJ-1" title="GFAJ-1">GFAJ-1</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrococcus_furiosus" title="Pyrococcus furiosus">Pyrococcus furiosus</a></i></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_121" title="Strain 121">Strain 121</a></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolobus_fumarii" title="Pyrolobus fumarii">Pyrolobus fumarii</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermococcus_gammatolerans" title="Thermococcus gammatolerans">Thermococcus gammatolerans</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanidioschyzon_merolae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanidioschyzon merolae">Cyanidioschyzon merolae</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galdieria_sulphuraria" title="Galdieria sulphuraria">Galdieria sulphuraria</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralvinella_sulfincola" title="Paralvinella sulfincola">Paralvinella sulfincola</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halicephalobus_mephisto" title="Halicephalobus mephisto">Halicephalobus mephisto</a></i></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvinella_pompejana" title="Alvinella pompejana">Pompeii worm</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiogenic_petroleum_origin" title="Abiogenic petroleum origin">Abiogenic petroleum origin</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidithiobacillales" title="Acidithiobacillales">Acidithiobacillales</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidobacteriota" title="Acidobacteriota">Acidobacteriota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidophiles_in_acid_mine_drainage" title="Acidophiles in acid mine drainage">Acidophiles in acid mine drainage</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeoglobaceae" title="Archaeoglobaceae">Archaeoglobaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Pit" title="Berkeley Pit">Berkeley Pit</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Falls" title="Blood Falls">Blood Falls</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoproteota" title="Thermoproteota">Thermoproteota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grylloblattidae" title="Grylloblattidae">Grylloblattidae</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Halobacteria">Halobacteria</a></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halobacterium" title="Halobacterium">Halobacterium</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helaeomyia_petrolei" title="Helaeomyia petrolei">Helaeomyia petrolei</a></i></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanopyrus" title="Methanopyrus">Methanopyrus</a></i></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movile_Cave" title="Movile Cave">Movile Cave</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotrophic_fungus" title="Radiotrophic fungus">Radiotrophic fungus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(river)" title="Rio Tinto (river)">Rio Tinto</a></li>
<li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tardigrada</a></i></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taq_polymerase" title="Taq polymerase"><i>Taq</i> polymerase</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostability" title="Thermostability">Thermostability</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermotogota" title="Thermotogota">Thermotogota</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_life_phyla/divisions_by_domain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><button type="button" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0"><span class="mw-collapsible-text">show</span></button><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Life_on_Earth" title="Template:Life on Earth"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Life_on_Earth" title="Template talk:Life on Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Life_on_Earth&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_life_phyla/divisions_by_domain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> phyla/divisions by domain</div></th></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bacteria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidobacteriota" title="Acidobacteriota">Acidobacteriota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinomycetota" title="Actinomycetota">Actinomycetota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquificota" title="Aquificota">Aquificota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armatimonadota" title="Armatimonadota">Armatimonadota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atribacterota" title="Atribacterota">Atribacterota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillota" title="Bacillota">Bacillota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidota" title="Bacteroidota">Bacteroidota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balneolota" class="mw-redirect" title="Balneolota">Balneolota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bdellovibrionota" title="Bdellovibrionota">Bdellovibrionota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldisericota" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldisericota">Caldisericota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calditrichota" class="mw-redirect" title="Calditrichota">Calditrichota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacterota" title="Campylobacterota">Campylobacterota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydiota" title="Chlamydiota">Chlamydiota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_sulfur_bacteria" title="Green sulfur bacteria">Chlorobiota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroflexota" title="Chloroflexota">Chloroflexota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysiogenota" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysiogenota">Chrysiogenota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprothermobacterota" title="Coprothermobacterota">Coprothermobacterota</a></li>
<li>"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a>"</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deferribacteraceae" title="Deferribacteraceae">Deferribacterota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinococcota" title="Deinococcota">Deinococcota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictyoglomus_thermophilum" title="Dictyoglomus thermophilum">Dictyoglomota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elusimicrobiota" title="Elusimicrobiota">Elusimicrobiota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrobacterota" title="Fibrobacterota">Fibrobacterota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusobacteriota" title="Fusobacteriota">Fusobacteriota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemmatimonadota" title="Gemmatimonadota">Gemmatimonadota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignavibacteriota" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignavibacteriota">Ignavibacteriota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiritimatiellota" title="Kiritimatiellota">Kiritimatiellota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentisphaerota" title="Lentisphaerota">Lentisphaerota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasmatota" title="Mycoplasmatota">Mycoplasmatota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxococcota" title="Myxococcota">Myxococcota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrospinota" title="Nitrospinota">Nitrospinota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrospirota" title="Nitrospirota">Nitrospirota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planctomycetota" title="Planctomycetota">Planctomycetota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonadota" title="Pseudomonadota">Pseudomonadota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodothermota" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodothermota">Rhodothermota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirochaetota" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochaetota">Spirochaetota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergistota" title="Synergistota">Synergistota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodesulfobacteriota" title="Thermodesulfobacteriota">Thermodesulfobacteriota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermomicrobiota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermomicrobiota">Thermomicrobiota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermotogota" title="Thermotogota">Thermotogota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrucomicrobiota" title="Verrucomicrobiota">Verrucomicrobiota</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Archaea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euryarchaeota" title="Euryarchaeota">Euryarchaeota</a>"</li>
<li>"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korarchaeota" title="Korarchaeota">Korarchaeota</a>"</li>
<li>"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoarchaeota" title="Nanoarchaeota">Nanoarchaeota</a>"</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrososphaerota" title="Nitrososphaerota">Nitrososphaerota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoproteota" title="Thermoproteota">Thermoproteota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeal_Richmond_Mine_acidophilic_nanoorganisms" title="Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms">Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryote</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protist</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancyromonadida" title="Ancyromonadida">Ancyromonadida</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apusomonadida" title="Apusomonadida">Apusomonadida</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breviatea" title="Breviatea">Breviatea</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRuMs" title="CRuMs">CRuMs</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptista" title="Cryptista">Cryptista</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciliophora">Ciliophora</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercozoa" title="Cercozoa">Cercozoa</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Discoba">Discoba</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euglenozoa" title="Euglenozoa">Euglenozoa</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobea" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakobea">Jakobea</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptista" title="Haptista">Haptista</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemimastigophora" title="Hemimastigophora">Hemimastigophora</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawimonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawimonada">Malawimonada</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamonada">Metamonada</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provora" title="Provora">Provora</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stramenopiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Stramenopiles">Stramenopiles</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telonemia" title="Telonemia">Telonemia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chytridiomycota" title="Chytridiomycota">Chytridiomycota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocladiomycota" title="Blastocladiomycota">Blastocladiomycota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocallimastigomycota" title="Neocallimastigomycota">Neocallimastigomycota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomeromycota" title="Glomeromycota">Glomeromycota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomycota" title="Zygomycota">Zygomycota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucophyta">Glaucophyta</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charophyta" title="Charophyta">Charophyta</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthocerotophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthocerotophyta">Anthocerotophyta</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Moss</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycopodiophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopodiophyta">Lycopodiophyta</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteridophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteridophyta">Pteridophyta</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycadophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycadophyta">Cycadophyta</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginkgophyta">Ginkgophyta</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">Pinophyta</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetophyta</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Flowering plant</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">Sponge</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordate</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordate</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderm</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha">Chaetognatha</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loricifera" title="Loricifera">Loricifera</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">Priapulida</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">Nematoda</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tardigrada</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">Flatworm</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrotricha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrotricha">Gastrotricha</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthonectida" title="Orthonectida">Orthonectida</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicyemida" title="Dicyemida">Dicyemida</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotifera">Rotifera</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomulida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathostomulida">Gnathostomulida</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrognathozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrognathozoa">Micrognathozoa</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycliophora">Cycliophora</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea">Nemertea</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoronid" title="Phoronid">Phoronid</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entoprocta" title="Entoprocta">Entoprocta</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachiopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachiopoda">Brachiopoda</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">Annelida</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parakaryon_myojinensis" title="Parakaryon myojinensis">Parakaryon</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Taxon_identifiers" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5194" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q5194">Q5194</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Tardigrada">Tardigrada</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tardigrada/">Tardigrada</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Tardigrada">Tardigrada</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id14953">14953</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=26033">26033</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/3204">3204</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:12674">12674</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/8c150ca8-bdea-4a13-b407-1d8f87842525">8c150ca8-bdea-4a13-b407-1d8f87842525</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossilworks" title="Fossilworks">Fossilworks</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&amp;taxon_no=272408">272408</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/14">14</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/124337">124337</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=204">204</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&amp;search_value=155166">155166</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&amp;id=42241">42241</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/29477c0f-12f9-443a-9589-1127f5f4bbda">29477c0f-12f9-443a-9589-1127f5f4bbda</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">uBio: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=230453">230453</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=1276">1276</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5194#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg_002.webp" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg_003.webp 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tardígrados"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&amp;authority_id=XX531312">Spain</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tardigrades"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122470458">France</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tardigrades"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122470458">BnF data</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4143904-1">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007560956005171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85132477">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564919">Japan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="želvušky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph448247&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<!--
NewPP limit report
Parsed by mw2361
Cached time: 20230825120758
Cache expiry: 1814400
Reduced expiry: false
Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc]
CPU time usage: 1.594 seconds
Real time usage: 1.952 seconds
Preprocessor visited node count: 23570/1000000
Post‐expand include size: 606101/2097152 bytes
Template argument size: 27592/2097152 bytes
Highest expansion depth: 24/100
Expensive parser function count: 41/500
Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20
Unstrip post‐expand size: 409424/5000000 bytes
Lua time usage: 1.012/10.000 seconds
Lua memory usage: 13109631/52428800 bytes
Lua Profile:
? 380 ms 35.2%
MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction 140 ms 13.0%
type 60 ms 5.6%
MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument 60 ms 5.6%
dataWrapper <mw.lua:672> 60 ms 5.6%
MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity 40 ms 3.7%
getmetatable <mw.lua:66> 40 ms 3.7%
MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::plain 40 ms 3.7%
MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate 40 ms 3.7%
MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::find 40 ms 3.7%
[others] 180 ms 16.7%
Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 17/400
-->
<!--
Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)
100.00% 1688.121 1 -total
41.52% 700.934 1 Template:Reflist
17.21% 290.578 53 Template:Cite_journal
14.36% 242.396 1 Template:Automatic_taxobox
12.30% 207.639 32 Template:Navbox
7.54% 127.298 1 Template:Taxonbar
7.02% 118.555 1 Template:Animalia
6.88% 116.201 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups
5.55% 93.757 1 Template:Fossil_range
5.52% 93.141 26 Template:Cite_web
-->
<!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:19817681-0!canonical and timestamp 20230825120756 and revision id 1172171143. Rendering was triggered because: page-view
-->
</div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;" /></noscript>
<div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;oldid=1172171143">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;oldid=1172171143</a>"</div></div>
<div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Tardigrades" title="Category:Tardigrades">Tardigrades</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Extant_Cambrian_first_appearances" title="Category:Extant Cambrian first appearances">Extant Cambrian first appearances</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Polyextremophiles" title="Category:Polyextremophiles">Polyextremophiles</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Psychrophiles" title="Category:Psychrophiles">Psychrophiles</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Radiodurants" title="Category:Radiodurants">Radiodurants</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Space-flown_life" title="Category:Space-flown life">Space-flown life</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Thermophiles" title="Category:Thermophiles">Thermophiles</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Xerophiles" title="Category:Xerophiles">Xerophiles</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Tactopoda" title="Category:Tactopoda">Tactopoda</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">CS1 maint: others</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2020" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2020">Articles with dead external links from July 2020</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_merged_from_June_2023" title="Category:Articles to be merged from June 2023">Articles to be merged from June 2023</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_merged" title="Category:All articles to be merged">All articles to be merged</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats" title="Category:Articles with 'species' microformats">Articles with 'species' microformats</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2023</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_May_2019" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2019">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2019</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNE_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with BNE identifiers">Articles with BNE identifiers</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNF_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with BNF identifiers">Articles with BNF identifiers</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNFdata_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with BNFdata identifiers">Articles with BNFdata identifiers</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_GND_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with GND identifiers">Articles with GND identifiers</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_J9U_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with J9U identifiers">Articles with J9U identifiers</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with LCCN identifiers">Articles with LCCN identifiers</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NDL_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with NDL identifiers">Articles with NDL identifiers</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NKC_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with NKC identifiers">Articles with NKC identifiers</a></li></ul></div></div>
</div>
</main>
</div>
<div class="mw-footer-container">
<footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" role="contentinfo">
<ul id="footer-info">
<li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 August 2023, at 12:07<span class="anonymous-show">&nbsp;(UTC)</span>.</li>
<li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0</a><a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" style="display:none;"></a>;
additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a href="https://www.wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li>
</ul>
<ul id="footer-places">
<li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li>
<li id="footer-places-about"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li>
<li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li>
<li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li>
<li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li>
<li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li>
<li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org/">Developers</a></li>
<li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li>
<li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li>
<li style="display: none;"><a href="#">Edit preview settings</a></li></ul>
<ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint">
<li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/wikimedia-button.png" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x" width="88" height="31" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li>
<li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li>
</ul>
</footer>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom">
<ul>
<li><button class="cdx-button cdx-button--icon-only vector-limited-width-toggle" id="" data-event-name="limited-width-toggle-off"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-fullScreen mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-fullScreen"></span>
<span>Toggle limited content width</span>
</button>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw2375","wgBackendResponseTime":113,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.594","walltime":"1.952","ppvisitednodes":{"value":23570,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":606101,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":27592,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":24,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":41,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":409424,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":17,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1688.121 1 -total"," 41.52% 700.934 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.21% 290.578 53 Template:Cite_journal"," 14.36% 242.396 1 Template:Automatic_taxobox"," 12.30% 207.639 32 Template:Navbox"," 7.54% 127.298 1 Template:Taxonbar"," 7.02% 118.555 1 Template:Animalia"," 6.88% 116.201 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 5.55% 93.757 1 Template:Fossil_range"," 5.52% 93.141 26 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.012","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":13109631,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","380","35.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","140","13.0"],["type","60","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","5.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","40","3.7"],["getmetatable \u003Cmw.lua:66\u003E","40","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","40","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","40","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","3.7"],["[others]","180","16.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw2361","timestamp":"20230825120758","ttl":1814400,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script>
<script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Tardigrade","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tardigrade","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5194","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5194","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-06T22:10:49Z","dateModified":"2023-08-25T12:07:33Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/20\/SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_%28white_background%29.png","headline":"phylum of animals, also known as water bears"}</script><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Tardigrade","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tardigrade","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5194","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5194","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-06T22:10:49Z","dateModified":"2023-08-25T12:07:33Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/20\/SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_%28white_background%29.png","headline":"phylum of animals, also known as water bears"}</script>
<div id="p-namespaces" style="display: none;"><ul></ul></div><a accesskey="v" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrade?action=edit" class="oo-ui-element-hidden"></a></body></html>
Reference in a new issue View git blame Copy permalink