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khoj/tests/data/plaintext/wikipedia_tardigrades.html
sabaimran b45e1d8c0d
Fix plaintext HTML parsing and rendering (#464) 
* Store conversation command options in an Enum
* Move to slash commands instead of using @ to specify general commands
* Calculate conversation command once & pass it as arg to child funcs
* Add /notes command to respond using only knowledge base as context
This prevents the chat model to try respond using it's general world
knowledge only without any references pulled from the indexed
knowledge base
* Test general and notes slash commands in openai chat director tests
---------

Co-authored-by: Debanjum Singh Solanky <debanjum@gmail.com>
2023-08-27 11:24:30 -07:00

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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span>Description</div>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span>Habitat</div>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span>Anatomy and morphology</div>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span>Reproduction</div>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span>Ecology and life history</div>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span>Physiology</div>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span>Survival after exposure to outer space</div>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span>Taxonomy</div>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span>Evolutionary history</div>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span>Genomes and genome sequencing</div>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span>Ecological importance</div>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span>In popular culture</div>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span>References</div>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span>External links</div>
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tardigrade</span></h1>
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<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterbeertjie" title="Waterbeertjie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A4rtierchen" title="Bärtierchen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%83_%E1%8B%B5%E1%89%A5" title="የውሃ ድብ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88" title="بطيء الخطو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1" title="টাৰডিগ্ৰেড – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Frinc%C9%99klil%C9%99r" title="Ərincəklilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%87_%D8%A2%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سۇ آییلاری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1" title="টারডিগ্রেড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D2%AF%D1%81%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Аҡрын йөрөүсөләр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Ціхаходкі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Ціхаходкі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Бавноходки – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tard%C3%ADgrads" title="Tardígrads – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelvu%C5%A1ky" title="Želvušky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arafsymudwr" title="Arafsymudwr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnedyr" title="Bjørnedyr – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge" style=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A4rtierchen" title="Bärtierchen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C4%AFdl%C3%A1%C3%A1dk%C3%A1%C3%A1%CA%BC_naat%CA%BCi%CA%BC%C3%AD" title="Tsįdláádkááʼ naatʼiʼí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loimurid" title="Loimurid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B4%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Βραδύπορα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item" style=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigradoj" title="Tardigradoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="خرس آبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item" style=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ar_uisce" title="Béar uisce – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tard%C3%ADgrados" title="Tardígrados – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item" style=""><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%84%EB%B3%B4%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC" title="완보동물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BB" title="Ջրային արջ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1" title="टार्डीग्रेड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugo%C5%BEivci" title="Dugoživci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8A%E1%92%83%E1%94%AD%E1%91%AF%E1%93%97%E1%92%83" title="ᐊᒃᔭᑯᓗᒃ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessad%C3%BDr" title="Bessadýr – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item" style=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="דובוני מים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಟಾರ್ಡಿಗ್ರೇಡ್‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ნელამავალნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жайбасар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidudu-dubu" title="Kidudu-dubu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Мызыргышывлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B2" title="ຕາກດີກະລາດາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gausk%C4%81ji" title="Gauskāji – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%97t%C5%ABnai" title="Lėtūnai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerbieskes" title="Beerbieskes – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrado" title="Tardigrado – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medve%C3%A1llatk%C3%A1k" title="Medveállatkák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1" title="ടാർഡിഗ്രാഡ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A1%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="لءبي – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge" style="display: none;"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerdiertjes" title="Beerdiertjes – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%A9%E6%AD%A9%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="緩歩動物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerdiarten" title="Beerdiarten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnedyr" title="Bjørnedyr – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnedyr" title="Bjørnedyr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaranbullee_bisaani" title="Qaranbullee bisaani – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DA%86%DA%BE" title="پانی رچھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterboren" title="Waterboren – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niesporczaki" title="Niesporczaki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%27uthatki" title="Lat'uthatki – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item" style=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Тихоходки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomalky" title="Pomalky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%8Dasniki" title="Počasniki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Водени медвед – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugo%C5%BEivci" title="Dugoživci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karhukaiset" title="Karhukaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%B6gkrypare" title="Trögkrypare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item" style=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="நீர்க் கரடி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Әкрен йөрүчеләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3" title="หมีน้ำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Тихоходи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88" title="ٹارڈیگریڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item" style=""><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%E1%BA%A5u_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Gấu nước – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BC%93%E6%AD%A5%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E9%97%A8" title="缓步动物门 – Wu Chinese" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item" style="display: none;"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%86%8A%E8%9F%B2" title="水熊蟲 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item" style=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BC%93%E6%AD%A5%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E9%97%A8" title="缓步动物门 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div>
<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Phylum of microscopic animals, also known as water bears</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tardigrada" redirects here. For the suborder of mammals, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloth" title="Sloth">sloth</a>.</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Moss Piglets" redirects here. For the <i>South Park</i> episode, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss_Piglets_(South_Park)" title="Moss Piglets (South Park)">Moss Piglets (<i>South Park</i>)</a>.</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097763485">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-Merge_from plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/50px-Mergefrom.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/75px-Mergefrom.svg.webp 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Mergefrom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="20"></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrades_on_the_Moon" title="Tardigrades on the Moon">Tardigrades on the Moon</a></i> be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">merged</a> into this article. (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Tardigrade" title="Talk:Tardigrade">Discuss</a>)<small><i> Proposed since June 2023.</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Tardigrade<br><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Turonian–Recent</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;">
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div>
<div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:37.636923076923px; width:182.36307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:188.21846153846px; width:31.781538461538px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:189.21846153846px; width:29.781538461538px; background-color:#6c3;"></div>
</div>
</div></span>
Possible <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> Record</div>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_(white_background).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_jou_003.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_jou_005.png 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_jou_002.png 2x" data-file-width="1379" data-file-height="1205"></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milnesium_tardigradum" title="Milnesium tardigradum">Milnesium tardigradum</a></i>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutardigrade" title="Eutardigrade">eutardigrade</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Echiniscus_insularis_(10.3897-evolsyst.5.59997)_Figure_6_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Echiniscus_insularis_(10.3897-evolsyst.5.59997)_Figure_6_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Echiniscus_insularis_(10.3897-evolsyst.5.59997)_Figure_6_003.jpg 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Echiniscus_insularis_(10.3897-evolsyst.5.59997)_Figure_6_(wh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1946" data-file-height="1360"></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echiniscus" title="Echiniscus">Echiniscus insularis</a></i>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotardigrade" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterotardigrade">heterotardigrade</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Tardigrada" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg_003.webp" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg_002.webp 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></span></span>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Domain:
</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Kingdom:
</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Subkingdom:
</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eumetazoa" title="Eumetazoa">Eumetazoa</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>Clade</i>:
</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ParaHoxozoa" title="ParaHoxozoa">ParaHoxozoa</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>Clade</i>:
</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>Clade</i>:
</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrozoa" title="Nephrozoa">Nephrozoa</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>(unranked):
</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">Protostomia</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Superphylum:
</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>(unranked):
</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panarthropoda" title="Panarthropoda">Panarthropoda</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Phylum:
</td>
<td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tardigrada</a><br><small><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazzaro_Spallanzani" title="Lazzaro Spallanzani">Spallanzani</a>, 1777</small>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Classes
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: left">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutardigrada" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutardigrada">Eutardigrada</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotardigrada" title="Heterotardigrada">Heterotardigrada</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesotardigrada" title="Mesotardigrada">Mesotardigrada</a> (dubious)</li></ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p><b>Tardigrades</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> known colloquially as <b>water bears</b> or <b>moss piglets</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-American_Scientist_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Scientist-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WRD-20140321_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRD-20140321-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> are a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum</a> of eight-legged <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmentation_(biology)" title="Segmentation (biology)">segmented</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-animal">micro-animals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Scientist_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Scientist-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> They were first described by the German zoologist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_August_Ephraim_Goeze" title="Johann August Ephraim Goeze">Johann August Ephraim Goeze</a> in 1773, who called them <b>Kleiner Wasserbär</b> ("little water bear").<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> In 1777, the Italian biologist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazzaro_Spallanzani" title="Lazzaro Spallanzani">Lazzaro Spallanzani</a> named them <b>Tardigrada</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>), which means "slow steppers".<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenstein_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenstein-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>Popular culture has recently elevated awareness of tardigrades in
fictional settings and with fictional attributes, likely extending on
the fact of their (actual) extreme hardiness. However, this evidences a
perception "assignment problem" with tardigrades: as they branched off
the evolutionary tree extremely long ago, it is difficult to place them
in a conventional context, e.g. the "arthropods" spiders, crabs, etc.,
to which they are likely distantly related, but do not belong.
</p><p>They have been found in diverse regions of Earth's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a>&nbsp;– mountaintops, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_sea" title="Deep sea">deep sea</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforests</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenstein_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenstein-8">[8]</a></sup> Tardigrades are among the most resilient animals known,<sup id="cite_ref-WP-20170714_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-20170714-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20170714_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20170714-10">[10]</a></sup> with individual species able to survive extreme conditions – such as exposure to extreme temperatures, extreme <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressures" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressures">pressures</a> (both high and low), air deprivation, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starvation</a> – that would quickly kill most other known forms of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> Tardigrades have survived exposure to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> There are about 1,300 known species<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum</a> Tardigrada, a part of the superphylum <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a> consisting of animals that grow by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">ecdysis</a> such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a>. The earliest known true members of the group are known from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>
(145 to 66 million years ago) amber, found in North America, but are
essentially modern forms, and therefore likely have a significantly
earlier origin, as they diverged from their closest relatives in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a>, over 500 million years ago.
</p><p>Tardigrades are usually about 0.5&nbsp;mm (0.020&nbsp;in) long when fully grown.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Scientist_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Scientist-2">[2]</a></sup> They are short and plump, with four pairs of legs, each ending in claws (usually four to eight) or suction disks.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Scientist_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Scientist-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nelson-CurrentStatus_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-CurrentStatus-15">[15]</a></sup> Tardigrades are prevalent in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a> and feed on plant cells, algae, and small invertebrates. When collected, they may be viewed under a low-power <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a>, making them accessible to students and amateur scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Naming">Naming</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Naming">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johann_August_Ephraim_Goeze1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/220px-Johann_August_Ephraim_Goeze1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/330px-Johann_August_Ephraim_Goeze1.jpg 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/440px-Johann_August_Ephraim_Goeze1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="600"></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_August_Ephraim_Goeze" title="Johann August Ephraim Goeze">Johann August Ephraim Goeze</a></figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_August_Ephraim_Goeze" title="Johann August Ephraim Goeze">Johann August Ephraim Goeze</a> originally named the tardigrade <i>Kleiner Wasserbär</i>, meaning "little water-bear" in German (today, they are often referred to in German as <i>Bärtierchen</i> or "little bear-animal"). The name "water-bear" comes from the way they walk, reminiscent of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bear</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gait" title="Gait">gait</a>. The name <i>Tardigradum</i> means "slow walker" and was given by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazzaro_Spallanzani" title="Lazzaro Spallanzani">Lazzaro Spallanzani</a> in 1777.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenstein_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenstein-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waterbear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Waterbear_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Waterbear.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="266"></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">SEM</a> image of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsibius_dujardini" title="Hypsibius dujardini">Hypsibius dujardini</a></i></figcaption></figure>
<p>The largest adults may reach a body length of 1.5&nbsp;mm
(0.059&nbsp;in), the smallest below 0.1&nbsp;mm (0.0039&nbsp;in). Newly
hatched tardigrades may be smaller than 0.05&nbsp;mm (0.0020&nbsp;in).
For comparison, grass pollen is typically 0.025–0.04&nbsp;mm
(0.00098–0.00157&nbsp;in).
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Habitat">Habitat</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Habitat">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Tardigrades are often found on lichens and mosses, for example by soaking a piece of moss in water.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> Other environments in which they are found include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">dunes</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coasts</a> generally, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_litter" title="Plant litter">leaf litter</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">marine</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> sediments, where they may occur quite frequently, up to 25,000 animals per litre (95,000 animals per gallon). One tardigrade, <i>Echiniscoides wyethi</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-AP-20150929_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20150929-18">[18]</a></sup> may be found on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnacle" title="Barnacle">barnacles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PBSW_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBSW-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Anatomy_and_morphology">Anatomy and morphology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Anatomy and morphology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Tardigrades have barrel-shaped bodies with four pairs of stubby legs.
Most range from 0.3 to 0.5&nbsp;mm (0.012 to 0.020&nbsp;in) in length,
although the largest species may reach 1.2&nbsp;mm (0.047&nbsp;in).<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenstein_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenstein-8">[8]</a></sup> The body consists of a head, three body <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segment_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Segment (biology)">segments</a> each with a pair of legs, and a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Anterior_and_posterior" title="Anatomical terms of location">caudal</a> segment with a fourth pair of legs. The legs are without <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint (anatomy)">joints</a>, while the feet have four to eight claws each. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuticle" title="Cuticle">cuticle</a> contains <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> and is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">moulted</a>
periodically. The first three pairs of legs are directed downward along
the sides and are the primary means of locomotion, while the fourth
pair is directed backward on the last segment of the trunk and is used
primarily for grasping the substrate.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tardigrades lack several <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hox_gene" title="Hox gene">Hox genes</a>
and a large intermediate region of the body axis. In insects, this
corresponds to the entire thorax and the abdomen. Practically the whole
body, except for the last pair of legs, is made up of just the segments
that are homologous to the head region in arthropods.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>All adult tardigrades of the same species have the same number of cells (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutely" title="Eutely">eutely</a>). Some species have as many as 40,000 cells in each adult, while others have far fewer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (June 2023)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seki98_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seki98-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p><p>The body cavity consists of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemocoel" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemocoel">haemocoel</a>, but the only place where a true <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelom" title="Coelom">coelom</a> can be found is around the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonad</a>.
No respiratory organs are found, with gas exchange able to occur across
the entirety of the body. Some tardigrades have three tubular glands
associated with the rectum; these may be excretory organs similar to the
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malpighian_tubule" class="mw-redirect" title="Malpighian tubule">Malpighian tubules</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>, although the details remain unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-24">[24]</a></sup> Also, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephridium" title="Nephridium">nephridia</a> are absent.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p>The tubular mouth is armed with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylet_(anatomy)" title="Stylet (anatomy)">stylets</a>, which are used to pierce the plant cells, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>,
or small invertebrates on which the tardigrades feed, releasing the
body fluids or cell contents. The mouth opens into a triradiate,
muscular, sucking <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a>. The stylets are lost when the animal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molting" class="mw-redirect" title="Molting">molts</a>, and a new pair is secreted from a pair of glands that lie on either side of the mouth. The pharynx connects to a short <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a>,
and then to an intestine that occupies much of the length of the body,
which is the main site of digestion. The intestine opens, via a short
rectum, to an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anus</a>
located at the terminal end of the body. Some species only defecate
when they molt, leaving the feces behind with the shed cuticle.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>The brain develops in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry_in_biology#Bilateral_symmetry" title="Symmetry in biology">bilaterally symmetric</a> pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26052416_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26052416-26">[26]</a></sup>
Tardigrades have a dorsal brain atop a paired ventral nervous system.
The brain includes multiple lobes, mostly consisting of three
bilaterally paired clusters of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> The brain is attached to a large <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganglion" title="Ganglion">ganglion</a> below the esophagus, from which a double <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_nervous_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral nervous system">ventral nerve cord</a>
runs the length of the body. The cord possesses one ganglion per
segment, each of which produces lateral nerve fibres that run into the
limbs. Many species possess a pair of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ommatidium#rhabdomere" title="Ommatidium">rhabdomeric</a> pigment-cup eyes, and numerous sensory bristles are on the head and body.<sup id="cite_ref-Greven2007_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greven2007-28">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tardigrades all possess a buccopharyngeal apparatus (swallowing
device made of muscles and spines that activates an inner jaw and begins
digestion and movement along the throat and intestine<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup>) which, along with the claws, is used to differentiate species.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Reproduction">Reproduction</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Reproduction">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TardigradeEggsInShedCuticle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/TardigradeEggsInShedCuticle_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/TardigradeEggsInShedCuticle_003.jpg 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/TardigradeEggsInShedCuticle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024"></a><figcaption>Shed cuticle of female tardigrade, containing eggs</figcaption></figure>
<p>Although some species are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">parthenogenic</a>, both males and females are usually present, although females are frequently larger and more common. Both sexes have a single <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonad</a>
located above the intestine. Two ducts run from the testes in males,
opening through a single pore in front of the anus. In contrast, females
have a single duct opening either just above the anus or directly into
the rectum, which forms a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloaca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tardigrades are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviparous" class="mw-redirect" title="Oviparous">oviparous</a>, and fertilization is usually external. Mating occurs during the molt with the eggs being laid inside the shed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuticle" title="Cuticle">cuticle</a>
of the female and then covered with sperm. A few species have internal
fertilization, with mating occurring before the female fully sheds her
cuticle. In most cases, the eggs are left inside the shed cuticle to
develop, but some species attach them to a nearby substrate.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>The eggs hatch after no more than 14 days, with the young already possessing their full complement of adult <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>. Growth to the adult size occurs by enlargement of the individual cells (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertrophy" title="Hypertrophy">hypertrophy</a>), rather than by cell division. Tardigrades may molt up to 12 times.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tardigrades tend to court before mating. Courtship is an early
step in mating and was first observed in tardigrades in 1895. Research
shows that up to nine males aggregate around a female to mate.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Ecology_and_life_history">Ecology and life history</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Ecology and life history">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><span class="mw-tmh-player video"><video id="mwe_player_0_placeholder" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Tardigrade_in_real_time.ogv/220px--Tardigrade_in_real_time.ogv.jpg" preload="none" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="126" data-mwtitle="Tardigrade_in_real_time.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Tardigrade_in_real_time.ogv" disabled="disabled" tabindex="-1" style="aspect-ratio: 220 / 165;"></video><a class="mw-tmh-play" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tardigrade_in_real_time.ogv" title="Play media" role="button"><span class="mw-tmh-play-icon"></span></a><span class="mw-tmh-duration mw-tmh-label" aria-label="2 minutes and 6 seconds">2:06</span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tardigrade_in_real_time.ogv" class="mw-file-magnify"></a><figcaption>Video of tardigrade under the microscope</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><span class="mw-tmh-player video"><video id="mwe_player_1_placeholder" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_280%D1%85.webm/220px--%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_280%D1%85.webm.jpg" preload="none" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="178" data-mwtitle="Тихоходки,_темное_поле_280х.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8,_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_280%D1%85.webm" disabled="disabled" tabindex="-1" style="aspect-ratio: 220 / 165;"></video><a class="mw-tmh-play" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8,_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_280%D1%85.webm" title="Play media" role="button"><span class="mw-tmh-play-icon"></span></a><span class="mw-tmh-duration mw-tmh-label" aria-label="2 minutes and 58 seconds">2:58</span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8,_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_280%D1%85.webm" class="mw-file-magnify"></a><figcaption>Living tardigrades moving around</figcaption></figure>
<p>Most tardigrades are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytophagous" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytophagous">phytophagous</a> (plant eaters) or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bacteriophagous" class="extiw" title="wikt:bacteriophagous">bacteriophagous</a> (bacteria eaters), but some are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivorous</a> to the extent that they eat smaller species of tardigrades (e.g., <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milnesium_tardigradum" title="Milnesium tardigradum">Milnesium tardigradum</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tardigrades share morphological characteristics with many species
that differ largely by class. Biologists have a difficult time finding
verification among tardigrade species because of this relationship.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These animals are most closely related to the early evolution of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brent_Nichols_2005_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brent_Nichols_2005-33">[33]</a></sup> Tardigrade fossils go as far back as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>
period in North America. Tardigrades are considered cosmopolitan and
can be located in regions all over the world. The eggs and cysts of
tardigrades are so durable that they can be carried great distances on
the feet of other animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson-CurrentStatus_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-CurrentStatus-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tardigrades have survived all five recognized <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass extinction">mass extinctions</a>
due to their plethora of survival characteristics, including the
ability to survive conditions that would be fatal to almost all other
animals (see the next section).
</p><p>The lifespan of tardigrades ranges from three to four months for
some species, up to two years for other species, not counting their time
in dormant states.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Physiology">Physiology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Physiology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hypsibiusdujardini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Hypsibiusdujardini_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Hypsibiusdujardini.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="237"></a><figcaption><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsibius_dujardini" title="Hypsibius dujardini">Hypsibius dujardini</a></i> imaged with a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">scanning electron microscope</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Scientists have reported tardigrades in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot springs</a>, on top of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> (6,000&nbsp;m; 20,000&nbsp;ft, above sea level) to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_sea" title="Deep sea">deep sea</a> (−4,000&nbsp;m; −13,000&nbsp;ft) and from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar region">polar regions</a> to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>, under layers of solid <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a>, and in ocean sediments. Many species can be found in milder environments such as lakes, ponds, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadow" title="Meadow">meadows</a>,
while others can be found in stone walls and roofs. Tardigrades are
most common in moist environments but can stay active wherever they can
retain at least some moisture.
</p><p>Tardigrades are thought to be able to survive even complete global mass <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">extinction events</a> caused by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysical events</a>, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-ray_bursts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-ray bursts">gamma-ray bursts</a>, or large <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">meteorite impacts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WP-20170714_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-20170714-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20170714_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20170714-10">[10]</a></sup> Some of them can withstand extremely cold temperatures down to 0.01&nbsp;K (−460&nbsp;°F; −273&nbsp;°C) (close to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_zero" title="Absolute zero">absolute zero</a>), while others can withstand extremely hot temperatures up to 420&nbsp;K (300&nbsp;°F; 150&nbsp;°C)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> for several minutes, pressures about six&nbsp;times greater than those found in the deepest ocean trenches, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a> at doses hundreds of times higher than the lethal dose for a human, and the vacuum of outer space.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20150907_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150907-38">[38]</a></sup> Tardigrades that live in harsh conditions undergo an annual process of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclomorphosis" title="Cyclomorphosis">cyclomorphosis</a>, allowing for survival in subzero temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup>
</p><p>They are not considered <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Extremophilic">extremophilic</a>
because they are not adapted to exploit these conditions, only to
endure them. This means that their chances of dying increase the longer
they are exposed to the extreme environments,<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenstein_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenstein-8">[8]</a></sup> whereas true <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">extremophiles</a> thrive in a physically or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geochemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Geochemical">geochemically</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_environment" title="Extreme environment">extreme environment</a> that would harm most other organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-WRD-20140321_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRD-20140321-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tardigrades are one of the few groups of species that are capable of suspending their metabolism (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptobiosis" title="Cryptobiosis">cryptobiosis</a>). While in this state, their metabolism lowers to less than 0.01% of normal and their water content can drop to 1% of normal,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20150907_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150907-38">[38]</a></sup> and they can go without food or water for more than 30&nbsp;years, only to later rehydrate, forage, and reproduce.<sup id="cite_ref-WRD-20140321_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRD-20140321-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-43">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guidetti,_R._&amp;_Jönsson,_K.I._2002_181–187_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guidetti,_R._&amp;_Jönsson,_K.I._2002_181–187-44">[44]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> Many species of tardigrade can survive in a dehydrated state up to five&nbsp;years, or longer in exceptional cases.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup> Depending on the environment, they may enter this state via <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhydrobiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anhydrobiosis">anhydrobiosis</a>,
allowing tardigrades, along with some other micro-metazoans (such as
worms, rotifers, and crustaceans), protozoans and plants, that ability
to survive in inhospitable habitats, as opposed to other living things.
In addition to offering protection from desiccation and freezing under
normal circumstances, anhydrobiosis also permits resistance to unnatural
abiotic extremes such as subzero temperatures,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryobiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryobiosis">cryobiosis</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmobiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmobiosis">osmobiosis</a>, or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoxybiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anoxybiosis">anoxybiosis</a>.
</p><p>Their ability to remain desiccated for such long periods of time
was thought to be dependent on high levels of the nonreducing
disaccharide <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trehalose" title="Trehalose">trehalose</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-hibshman_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hibshman-49">[49]</a></sup> which is commonly seen in other organisms that survive desiccation, and tardigrades have <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trehalase" title="Trehalase">trehalase</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kamilari_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamilari-50">[50]</a></sup> However, it has been seen that in both tardigrades and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bdelloidea" title="Bdelloidea">bdelloid rotifers</a>, there is only a partial capability to synthesize trehalose in quantities that may contribute to desiccation tolerance.<sup id="cite_ref-hibshman_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hibshman-49">[49]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup>
</p><p>In response to this finding, more research was done on how these animals survived such extreme conditions. It was found that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsically_disordered_proteins" title="Intrinsically disordered proteins">intrinsically disordered proteins</a>
(IDPs) were highly expressed in response to desiccation in tardigrades.
Additionally, three new IDPs were found to be specific to tardigrades
and coined <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardigrade_specific_proteins" title="Tardigrade specific proteins">tardigrade specific proteins</a> (TDPs). These TDPs may maintain the structure of membranes by associating with the polar heads of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_bilayer" title="Lipid bilayer">phospholipids bilayers</a>, avoiding structural damage upon rehydration.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup>
Also, TDPs, being highly hydrophilic, are thought to be involved in a
vitrification mechanism, where a glass-like matrix forms within cells to
protect the cellular contents upon desiccation.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> Their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> is further protected from radiation by a protein called "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dsup" title="Dsup">dsup</a>" (short for <i>damage suppressor</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hashimoto_et_al._2015_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hashimoto_et_al._2015-55">[55]</a></sup> In this cryptobiotic state, the tardigrade is known as a tun.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tardigrades are able to survive in extreme environments that would kill almost any other animal.<sup id="cite_ref-kamilari_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamilari-50">[50]</a></sup> Extremes at which tardigrades can survive include those of:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">Temperature</a> – tardigrades can survive:
<ul><li>A few minutes at 151&nbsp;°C (304&nbsp;°F)<sup id="cite_ref-survival_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-survival-57">[57]</a></sup></li>
<li>30&nbsp;years at −20&nbsp;°C (−4&nbsp;°F)<sup id="cite_ref-CB-201602_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CB-201602-58">[58]</a></sup></li>
<li>A few days at −200&nbsp;°C (−328&nbsp;°F; 73&nbsp;K)<sup id="cite_ref-survival_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-survival-57">[57]</a></sup></li>
<li>A few minutes at −272&nbsp;°C (−458&nbsp;°F; 1&nbsp;K)<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup></li></ul></li></ul>
<p>Research published in 2020 shows that tardigrades are sensitive to
high temperatures. Researchers showed it takes 48 hours at 37.1&nbsp;°C
(98.8&nbsp;°F) to kill half of active tardigrades that have not been
acclimated to heat. Acclimation boosted the temperature needed to kill
half of active tardigrades to 37.6&nbsp;°C (99.7&nbsp;°F). Tardigrades
in the tun state fared a bit better, tolerating higher temperatures. It
took heating to 82.7&nbsp;°C (180.9&nbsp;°F) to kill half of tun-state
tardigrades within one hour. Longer exposure time decreased the
temperature needed for lethality, though. For 24 hours of exposure,
63.1&nbsp;°C (145.6&nbsp;°F) was enough to kill half of the tun-state
tardigrades.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">Pressure</a>&nbsp;– they can withstand the extremely low pressure of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> and also very high pressures, more than 1,200&nbsp;times <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a>.
Some species can also withstand pressure of 6,000&nbsp;atmospheres,
which is nearly six times the pressure of water in the deepest ocean
trench, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Seki98_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seki98-22">[22]</a></sup>
Tardigrades can survive altitudes of over 19,600 feet (6,000 meters)
and to depths of over 15,000 feet (4,600&nbsp;m) below the surface.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_(mechanics)" title="Impact (mechanics)">Impacts</a>&nbsp;– tardigrades can survive impacts up to about 900 meters per second, and momentary shock pressures up to about 1.14 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigapascal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigapascal">gigapascals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Science-20210518_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science-20210518-61">[61]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">Dehydration</a>&nbsp;– the longest that living tardigrades have been shown to survive in a dry state is nearly 10&nbsp;years,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-43">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guidetti,_R._&amp;_Jönsson,_K.I._2002_181–187_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guidetti,_R._&amp;_Jönsson,_K.I._2002_181–187-44">[44]</a></sup> although there is one report of leg movement, not generally considered "survival",<sup id="cite_ref-Jönsson,_K._Ingemar_&amp;_R._Bertolani_2001_121–123_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jönsson,_K._Ingemar_&amp;_R._Bertolani_2001_121–123-62">[62]</a></sup> in a 120-year-old specimen from dried moss.<sup id="cite_ref-Franceschi,_T._1948_47–49_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franceschi,_T._1948_47–49-63">[63]</a></sup>
When exposed to extremely low temperatures, their body composition goes
from 85%&nbsp;water to only 3%. Because water expands upon freezing,
dehydration ensures the tardigrades' tissues are not ruptured by the
expansion of freezing ice.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a>&nbsp;– tardigrades can withstand 1,000 times more radiation than other animals,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup> median lethal doses of 5,000&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">Gy</a> (of gamma rays) and 6,200&nbsp;Gy (of heavy ions) in hydrated animals (5 to 10&nbsp;Gy could be fatal to a human).<sup id="cite_ref-Horikawa_et_al._2006_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horikawa_et_al._2006-66">[66]</a></sup>
The only explanation found in earlier experiments for this ability was
that their lowered water state provides fewer reactants for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Horikawa_et_al._2006_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horikawa_et_al._2006-66">[66]</a></sup> However, subsequent research found that tardigrades, when hydrated, still remain highly resistant to shortwave <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="UV radiation">UV radiation</a>
in comparison to other animals, and that one factor for this is their
efficient ability to repair damage to their DNA resulting from that
exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup></li></ul>
<dl><dd>Irradiation of tardigrade eggs collected directly from a natural
substrate (moss) showed a clear dose-related response, with a steep
decline in hatchability at doses up to 4&nbsp;kGy, above which no eggs
hatched.<sup id="cite_ref-Jönsson_2013_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jönsson_2013-68">[68]</a></sup>
The eggs were more tolerant to radiation late in development. No eggs
irradiated at the early developmental stage hatched, and only one egg at
middle stage hatched, while eggs irradiated in the late stage hatched
at a rate indistinguishable from controls.<sup id="cite_ref-Jönsson_2013_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jönsson_2013-68">[68]</a></sup></dd></dl>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicant" title="Toxicant">Environmental toxins</a>&nbsp;– tardigrades are reported to undergo chemobiosis, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptobiosis" title="Cryptobiosis">cryptobiotic</a> response to high levels of environmental toxins. However, as of 2001, these laboratory results have yet to be verified.<sup id="cite_ref-Jönsson,_K._Ingemar_&amp;_R._Bertolani_2001_121–123_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jönsson,_K._Ingemar_&amp;_R._Bertolani_2001_121–123-62">[62]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Franceschi,_T._1948_47–49_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franceschi,_T._1948_47–49-63">[63]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Survival_after_exposure_to_outer_space">Survival after exposure to outer space</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Survival after exposure to outer space">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Tardigrades are the first known animal to survive after exposure to outer space.<sup id="cite_ref-NS-20080908_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS-20080908-69">[69]</a></sup> In September 2007, dehydrated tardigrades were taken into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foton-M" class="mw-redirect" title="Foton-M">FOTON-M3</a> mission carrying the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOPAN" title="BIOPAN">BIOPAN</a>
astrobiology payload. For 10&nbsp;days, groups of tardigrades, some of
them previously dehydrated, some of them not, were exposed to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_vacuum" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard vacuum">hard vacuum</a> of outer space, or vacuum and solar <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV" class="mw-redirect" title="UV">UV</a>&nbsp;radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-low-earth-orbit_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-low-earth-orbit-70">[70]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WRD-20140321_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRD-20140321-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Science-20080908_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science-20080908-71">[71]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MSNBC-20111222_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSNBC-20111222-72">[72]</a></sup>
Back on Earth, more than 68% of the subjects protected from solar
UV&nbsp;radiation were reanimated within 30&nbsp;minutes following
rehydration, although subsequent mortality was high; many of these
produced viable embryos.<sup id="cite_ref-low-earth-orbit_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-low-earth-orbit-70">[70]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NS-20080908_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS-20080908-69">[69]</a></sup>
In contrast, hydrated samples exposed to the combined effect of vacuum
and full solar UV&nbsp;radiation had significantly reduced survival,
with only three subjects of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milnesium_tardigradum" title="Milnesium tardigradum">Milnesium tardigradum</a></i> surviving.<sup id="cite_ref-low-earth-orbit_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-low-earth-orbit-70">[70]</a></sup> Also, it was found that the space vacuum did not have a significant effect on egg-laying in either <i>R. coronifer</i> or <i>M. tardigradum</i>. However, <i>M. tardigradum</i> exposed to UV radiation had a lower egg laying rate.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup> In May 2011, Italian scientists sent tardigrades on board the International Space Station along with extremophiles on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-134" title="STS-134">STS-134</a>, the final flight of <span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour"><i>Endeavour</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup>
Their conclusion was that microgravity and cosmic radiation "did not
significantly affect survival of tardigrades in flight, and stated that
tardigrades represent a useful animal for space research."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup> In November 2011, they were among the organisms to be sent by the U.S.-based <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary Society">Planetary Society</a> on the Russian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a> mission's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Interplanetary_Flight_Experiment" title="Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment">Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a>; however, the launch failed. In August 2019, scientists reported that a capsule containing tardigrades in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptobiotic_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptobiotic state">cryptobiotic state</a> may have survived for a while on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> after the April 2019 crash landing of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></i>, a failed Israeli <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_lander" title="Lunar lander">lunar lander</a>, but in May 2021 it was reported that they were unlikely to have survived the impact.<sup id="cite_ref-WRD-20190805_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRD-20190805-79">[79]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VOX-20190806_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VOX-20190806-80">[80]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Science-20210518_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science-20210518-61">[61]</a></sup>
</p><p>In recent years, there has also been increased speculation
regarding tardigrades' ability to survive on Mars without any life
support systems,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup> but despite the hardiness of the tardigrade, it would still "need stuff to eat," in order to set up shop.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Taxonomy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bilaterial_animal_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="List of bilaterial animal orders">List of bilaterial animal orders</a></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Echiniscus_sp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Echiniscus_sp_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Echiniscus_sp_002.jpg 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Echiniscus_sp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="649"></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Illustration of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echiniscus" title="Echiniscus">Echiniscus</a></i> sp. from 1861</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Echiniscus_testudo_Doyere_1840_Pl_12_Fig_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/180px-Echiniscus_testudo_Doyere_1840_Pl_12_Fig_1.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/270px-Echiniscus_testudo_Doyere_1840_Pl_12_Fig_1.png 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/360px-Echiniscus_testudo_Doyere_1840_Pl_12_Fig_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1924" data-file-height="2066"></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Drawing of <i>Echiniscus testudo</i> on a grain of sand</div></div></div></div></div>
<p>Scientists have conducted <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a>
and molecular studies to understand how tardigrades relate to other
lineages of ecdysozoan animals. Two plausible placements have been
proposed: tardigrades are either most closely related to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropoda">Arthropoda</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a>, or to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematodes">nematodes</a>. Evidence for the former is a common result of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological studies</a>; evidence of the latter is found in some molecular analyses.
</p><p>The latter hypothesis has been rejected by recent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA" title="MicroRNA">microRNA</a> and expressed sequence tag analyses.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambell_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambell-83">[83]</a></sup> Apparently, the grouping of tardigrades with nematodes found in a number of molecular studies is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_branch_attraction" title="Long branch attraction">long branch attraction</a> artifact. Within the arthropod group (called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panarthropoda" title="Panarthropoda">panarthropoda</a> and comprising onychophora, tardigrades and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarthropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Euarthropoda">euarthropoda</a>), three patterns of relationship are possible: tardigrades sister to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">onychophora</a> plus arthropods (the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobopodia" title="Lobopodia">lobopodia</a>
hypothesis); onychophora sister to tardigrades plus arthropods (the
tactopoda hypothesis); and onychophora sister to tardigrades.<sup id="cite_ref-Telford_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telford-84">[84]</a></sup> Recent analyses indicate that the panarthropoda group is monophyletic, and that tardigrades are a sister group of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antennopoda" title="Antennopoda">Antennopoda</a>, the lineage consisting of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambell_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambell-83">[83]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup>
</p>
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<td class="clade-label first"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panarthropoda" title="Panarthropoda">Panarthropoda</a>
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<p><span class="nowrap"><b>Water bears</b> (<b>Tardigrada</b>)</span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.pone.0045682.g001-2_(white_background).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_jou_006.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_jou_004.png 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/SEM_image_of_Milnesium_tardigradum_in_active_state_-_journal.png 2x" data-file-width="1379" data-file-height="1205"></a></span>
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<td class="clade-label"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antennopoda" title="Antennopoda">Antennopoda</a>
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<p>Velvet worms (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Velvet_worm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Velvet_worm_003.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Velvet_worm_002.png 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Velvet_worm.png 2x" data-file-width="2799" data-file-height="1340"></a></span>
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<p>Arthropods (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropoda">Arthropoda</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County_003.jpg 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Aptostichus_simus_Monterey_County.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="1082"></a></span>
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<p>The minute sizes of tardigrades and their membranous integuments make their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossilization</a> both difficult to detect and highly unusual. The only known fossil specimens are those from mid-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> deposits in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsten_fauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Orsten fauna">Orsten fauna</a>) and a few rare specimens from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EotI_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EotI-86">[86]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Siberian tardigrade fossils differ from living tardigrades in
several ways. They have three pairs of legs rather than four, they have
a simplified head morphology, and they have no posterior head
appendages, but they share with modern tardigrades their columnar
cuticle construction.<sup id="cite_ref-Budd2001_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budd2001-87">[87]</a></sup> Scientists think they represent a stem group of living tardigrades.<sup id="cite_ref-EotI_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EotI-86">[86]</a></sup>
</p><p>In October 2021, a new species, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradoryphoribius" title="Paradoryphoribius">Paradoryphoribius chronocaribbeus</a></i>, was discovered as a fossil in amber that was dated to be 16 million years old.<sup id="cite_ref-LS-20211005_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LS-20211005-88">[88]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Evolutionary_history">Evolutionary history</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Evolutionary history">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OrstenTardigrade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/OrstenTardigrade_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/OrstenTardigrade_002.jpg 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/OrstenTardigrade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3675" data-file-height="2200"></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of the unnamed “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsten" title="Orsten">Orsten</a>” tardigrade, from the Cambrian Kuonamka Formation</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fossil_Tardigrade_Dominican_Amber.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Fossil_Tardigrade_Dominican_Amber_003.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Fossil_Tardigrade_Dominican_Amber_002.png 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Fossil_Tardigrade_Dominican_Amber.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="344"></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradoryphoribius" title="Paradoryphoribius">Paradoryphoribius</a></i>, a miocene tardigrade</figcaption></figure>
<p>There are multiple lines of evidence that tardigrades are secondarily miniaturized from a larger ancestor,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup> probably a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobopodian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobopodian">lobopodian</a> and perhaps resembling <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aysheaia" title="Aysheaia">Aysheaia</a></i>, which many analyses place close to the divergence of the tardigrade lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-ArtRels_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArtRels-90">[90]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith2014_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2014-91">[91]</a></sup> An alternative hypothesis derives <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactopoda" title="Tactopoda">tactopoda</a> from a clade encompassing dinocaridids and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opabinia" title="Opabinia">Opabinia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Budd1996_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budd1996-92">[92]</a></sup> A 2023 analysis concluded, on the basis of numerous morphological similarities, that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luolishaniidae" title="Luolishaniidae">luolishaniids</a> might be the closest known relatives of Tardigrada.<sup id="cite_ref-Kihm2023_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kihm2023-93">[93]</a></sup>
</p><p>The oldest remains of modern tardigrades are those of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milnesium_swolenskyi" title="Milnesium swolenskyi">Milnesium swolenskyi</a>,</i> belonging to the living genus <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milnesium" title="Milnesium">Milnesium</a></i> known from a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turonian" title="Turonian">Turonian</a>) aged specimen of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_amber" title="New Jersey amber">New Jersey amber</a>, around 90 million years old. Another fossil, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beorn_(tardigrade)" title="Beorn (tardigrade)">Beorn leggi</a></i>, is known from a Late <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanian" title="Campanian">Campanian</a> (~72 million years old) specimen of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian_amber&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Canadian amber (page does not exist)">Canadian amber</a><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup> and has been placed in its own family (Beornidae), but was subsequently suggested to belong to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsibiidae" title="Hypsibiidae">Hypsibiidae</a>. An indeterminate heterotardigrade was also noted from the same deposit.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup>
</p><p>The enigmatic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panarthropoda" title="Panarthropoda">panarthropod</a> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sialomorpha" title="Sialomorpha">Sialomorpha</a></i> found in 30-million year old <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_amber" title="Dominican amber">Dominican amber</a>, while not classifiable as a tardigrade, shows some apparent affinities.<sup id="cite_ref-Poinar2019_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poinar2019-96">[96]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GIZMODO2019_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GIZMODO2019-97">[97]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Genomes_and_genome_sequencing">Genomes and genome sequencing</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Genomes and genome sequencing">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Tardigrade <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genomes</a> vary in size, from about 75 to 800 mega<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">base pairs</a> of DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></sup> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsibius_exemplaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypsibius exemplaris">Hypsibius exemplaris</a></i> (formerly <i>Hypsibius dujardini</i>) has a compact genome of 100 megabase pairs<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup> and a generation time of about two weeks; it can be cultured indefinitely and cryopreserved.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup>
</p><p>The genome of <i>Ramazzottius varieornatus</i>, one of the most stress-tolerant species of tardigrades, was sequenced by a team of researchers from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">University of Tokyo</a> in 2015. While previous research had claimed that around one-sixth of the genome had been acquired from other organisms,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></sup> it is now known that less than 1.2% of its genes were the result of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">horizontal gene transfer</a>.
They also found evidence of a loss of gene pathways that are known to
promote damage due to stress. This study also found a high expression of
novel tardigrade-unique proteins, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dsup" title="Dsup">Damage suppressor (Dsup)</a>, which was shown to protect against DNA damage from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a>
radiation. The same team applied the Dsup protein to human cultured
cells and found that it suppressed X-ray damage to the human cells by
around 40%.<sup id="cite_ref-Hashimoto_et_al._2015_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hashimoto_et_al._2015-55">[55]</a></sup>
While the exact mechanism of DNA protection is largely unknown, the
results from an August 2020 study suggest that strong electrostatic
attractions along with high protein flexibility help form a molecular
aggregate, which allows Dsup to shield DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dsup" title="Dsup">Dsup</a> proteins of tardigrades <i>Ramazzottius varieornatus</i> and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsibius_exemplaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypsibius exemplaris">Hypsibius exemplaris</a></i> promote survival by binding to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleosome" title="Nucleosome">nucleosomes</a> and protecting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomal</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">hydroxyl radicals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></sup> The Dsup protein of <i>R. varieornatus</i> also confers resistance to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>-C by upregulating <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a> genes that protect the genomic DNA from the damages introduced by UV irradiation.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Ecological_importance">Ecological importance</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Ecological importance">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Many organisms that live in aquatic environments feed on species such as nematodes, tardigrades, bacteria, algae, mites, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collembolan" class="mw-redirect" title="Collembolan">collembolans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></sup>
Tardigrades work as pioneer species by inhabiting new developing
environments. This movement attracts other invertebrates to populate
that space, while also attracting predators.<sup id="cite_ref-Brent_Nichols_2005_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brent_Nichols_2005-33">[33]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li>The short-story "Bathybia" by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Douglas Mawson</a>, published in the book <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Australis_(book)" title="Aurora Australis (book)">Aurora Australis</a></i>
in 1909, deals with an expedition to the South Pole where the team
encounters giant mushrooms and arthropods, and a four-foot-long
tardigrade waking from hibernation scares the narrator from his sleep,
and he realize it was all a dream.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></sup></li>
<li>When the characters in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe" title="Marvel Cinematic Universe">superhero films</a> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant-Man_(film)" title="Ant-Man (film)">Ant-Man</a></i> (2015) and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant-Man_and_the_Wasp" title="Ant-Man and the Wasp">Ant-Man and the Wasp</a></i> (2018) shrink themselves to enter the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Realm" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum Realm">Quantum Realm</a>", they encounter tardigrades.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></sup></li>
<li>In the 2015 sci-fi horror film <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbinger_Down" title="Harbinger Down">Harbinger Down</a></i>, the characters have to deal with deadly mutated tardigrades.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></sup></li>
<li>The second arc of the comic book <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Girls" title="Paper Girls">Paper Girls</a></i> (2015) features a pair of tardigrades that have been enlarged to a massive size as a side effect of time travel.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></sup></li>
<li>Musician <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmo_Sheldrake" title="Cosmo Sheldrake">Cosmo Sheldrake</a> imagines himself a tardigrade in his 2015 "Tardigrade Song".<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></sup></li>
<li>In <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Discovery" title="Star Trek: Discovery">Star Trek: Discovery</a></i> (2017), the alien "Ripper" creature who is used to "navigate" through a galactic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycelium" title="Mycelium">mycelium</a>
network and instantly move the ship from one location in the galaxy to
another is referred to as a "giant space tardigrade" and said to be a
cousin of the tardigrade.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></sup></li>
<li>The 2017 <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Park" title="South Park">South Park</a></i> episode "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss_Piglets_(South_Park)" title="Moss Piglets (South Park)">Moss Piglets</a>" involves a science experiment in which tardigrades learn to dance to the music of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></sup></li>
<li>The 2018 <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Guy" title="Family Guy">Family Guy</a></i> episode "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Trouble_in_Little_Quahog" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Trouble in Little Quahog">Big Trouble in Little Quahog</a>" features <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewie_Griffin" title="Stewie Griffin">Stewie</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Griffin" title="Brian Griffin">Brian</a> being shrunk to a microscopic level, during which they meet a group of friendly tardigrades or "water bears" who help them.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></sup></li>
<li>The plot in the 2021 <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_%26_Max#Video_games" title="Sam &amp; Max">Sam &amp; Max: This Time It's Virtual</a></i> video game includes an abandoned tardigrade amusement park, "Cap'N Aquabear's Funtime Park".<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tardigrades_of_South_Africa" title="List of tardigrades of South Africa">List of tardigrades of South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_microorganisms_tested_in_outer_space" title="List of microorganisms tested in outer space">List of microorganisms tested in outer space</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Interplanetary_Flight_Experiment" title="Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment">Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment</a>, study of selected microorganisms in outer space</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">Panspermia</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/tardigrade">"tardigrade"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=tardigrade&amp;rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Ftardigrade&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCopley1999" class="citation news cs1">Copley, Jon (23 October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16422095.100-indestructible.html">"Indestructible"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>. No.&nbsp;2209<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&amp;rft.atitle=Indestructible&amp;rft.issue=2209&amp;rft.date=1999-10-23&amp;rft.aulast=Copley&amp;rft.aufirst=Jon&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg16422095.100-indestructible.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?p=17901">"Stanford Tardigrade Project"</a>. Foldscope. 2016-08-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+Tardigrade+Project&amp;rft.pub=Foldscope&amp;rft.date=2016-08-10&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmicrocosmos.foldscope.com%2F%3Fp%3D17901&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDean2015" class="citation news cs1">Dean, Cornelia (September 9, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/meet-tardigrade-the-water-bear/article7630324.ece">"Meet tardigrade, the water bear"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&amp;rft.atitle=Meet+tardigrade%2C+the+water+bear&amp;rft.date=2015-09-09&amp;rft.aulast=Dean&amp;rft.aufirst=Cornelia&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-in-school%2Fmeet-tardigrade-the-water-bear%2Farticle7630324.ece&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCross2016" class="citation journal cs1">Cross, Ryan (2016-11-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cen-09444-scitech1">"Secrets of the tardigrade"</a>. <i>C&amp;EN Global Enterprise</i>. <b>94</b> (44): 20–21. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcen-09444-scitech1">10.1021/cen-09444-scitech1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=C%26EN+Global+Enterprise&amp;rft.atitle=Secrets+of+the+tardigrade&amp;rft.volume=94&amp;rft.issue=44&amp;rft.pages=20-21&amp;rft.date=2016-11-07&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcen-09444-scitech1&amp;rft.aulast=Cross&amp;rft.aufirst=Ryan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1021%2Fcen-09444-scitech1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Bordenstein-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenstein_8-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenstein_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenstein_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenstein_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenstein_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBordenstein" class="citation web cs1">Bordenstein, Sarah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/topics/tardigrade/index.html">"Tardigrades (Water Bears)"</a>. <i>Microbial Life Educational Resources</i>. National Science Digital Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Microbial+Life+Educational+Resources&amp;rft.atitle=Tardigrades+%28Water+Bears%29&amp;rft.aulast=Bordenstein&amp;rft.aufirst=Sarah&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fserc.carleton.edu%2Fmicrobelife%2Ftopics%2Ftardigrade%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-WP-20170714-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WP-20170714_9-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WP-20170714_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGuarino2017" class="citation news cs1">Guarino, Ben (14 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2017/07/14/these-animals-can-survive-until-the-end-of-the-earth-astrophysicists-say/">"These animals can survive until the end of the Earth, astrophysicists say"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft.atitle=These+animals+can+survive+until+the+end+of+the+Earth%2C+astrophysicists+say&amp;rft.date=2017-07-14&amp;rft.aulast=Guarino&amp;rft.aufirst=Ben&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fspeaking-of-science%2Fwp%2F2017%2F07%2F14%2Fthese-animals-can-survive-until-the-end-of-the-earth-astrophysicists-say%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NAT-20170714-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NAT-20170714_10-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAT-20170714_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSloanAlves_BatistaLoeb2017" class="citation journal cs1">Sloan, David; Alves Batista, Rafael; Loeb, Abraham (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5511186">"The Resilience of Life to Astrophysical Events"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 5419. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.04253">1707.04253</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...7.5419S">2017NatSR...7.5419S</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-017-05796-x">10.1038/s41598-017-05796-x</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5511186">5511186</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28710420">28710420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&amp;rft.atitle=The+Resilience+of+Life+to+Astrophysical+Events&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=5419&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5511186%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017NatSR...7.5419S&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1707.04253&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28710420&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-017-05796-x&amp;rft.aulast=Sloan&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.au=Alves+Batista%2C+Rafael&amp;rft.au=Loeb%2C+Abraham&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5511186&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFOrellanaMacayaBravoDorochesi2018" class="citation journal cs1">Orellana,
Roberto; Macaya, Constanza; Bravo, Guillermo; Dorochesi, Flavia;
Cumsille, Andrés; Valencia, Ricardo; Rojas, Claudia; Seeger, Michael
(2018-10-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6218600">"Living at the Frontiers of Life: Extremophiles in Chile and Their Potential for Bioremediation"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Microbiology</i>. <b>9</b>: 2309. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmicb.2018.02309">10.3389/fmicb.2018.02309</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1664-302X">1664-302X</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6218600">6218600</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30425685">30425685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Microbiology&amp;rft.atitle=Living+at+the+Frontiers+of+Life%3A+Extremophiles+in+Chile+and+Their+Potential+for+Bioremediation&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.pages=2309&amp;rft.date=2018-10-30&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6218600%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft.issn=1664-302X&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30425685&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffmicb.2018.02309&amp;rft.aulast=Orellana&amp;rft.aufirst=Roberto&amp;rft.au=Macaya%2C+Constanza&amp;rft.au=Bravo%2C+Guillermo&amp;rft.au=Dorochesi%2C+Flavia&amp;rft.au=Cumsille%2C+Andr%C3%A9s&amp;rft.au=Valencia%2C+Ricardo&amp;rft.au=Rojas%2C+Claudia&amp;rft.au=Seeger%2C+Michael&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6218600&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14690-water-bears-are-first-animal-to-survive-vacuum-of-space.html">"<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>Water Bears' are first animal to survive vacuum of space"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080910062613/http://space.newscientist.com/article/dn14690-water-bears-are-first-animal-to-survive-vacuum-of-space.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&amp;rft.atitle=%27Water+Bears%27+are+first+animal+to+survive+vacuum+of+space.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn14690-water-bears-are-first-animal-to-survive-vacuum-of-space.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/09/080908135906.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Water Bears' Able To Survive Exposure To Vacuum Of Space"</a>. Science Daily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080911091656/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/09/080908135906.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27Water+Bears%27+Able+To+Survive+Exposure+To+Vacuum+Of+Space&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2008%2F09%2F080908135906.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDegmaBertolaniGuidetti2019" class="citation journal cs1">Degma, Peter; Bertolani, Roberto; Guidetti, Roberto (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iris.unimore.it/retrieve/handle/11380/1178608/227296/Actual%20checklist%20of%20Tardigrada%2036th%20Edition.pdf">"Actual checklist of Tardigrada species (2009–2019, 36th Edition: 1-09-2019)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25431%2F11380_1178608">10.25431/11380_1178608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Actual+checklist+of+Tardigrada+species+%282009%E2%80%932019%2C+36th+Edition%3A+1-09-2019%29&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25431%2F11380_1178608&amp;rft.aulast=Degma&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft.au=Bertolani%2C+Roberto&amp;rft.au=Guidetti%2C+Roberto&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firis.unimore.it%2Fretrieve%2Fhandle%2F11380%2F1178608%2F227296%2FActual%2520checklist%2520of%2520Tardigrada%252036th%2520Edition.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Nelson-CurrentStatus-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson-CurrentStatus_15-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson-CurrentStatus_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2002" class="citation journal cs1">Nelson, Diane (1 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F42.3.652">"Current status of Tardigrada: Evolution and Ecology"</a>. <i>Integrative and Comparative Biology</i>. <b>42</b> (3): 652–659. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F42.3.652">10.1093/icb/42.3.652</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21708761">21708761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Integrative+and+Comparative+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Current+status+of+Tardigrada%3A+Evolution+and+Ecology&amp;rft.volume=42&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=652-659&amp;rft.date=2002-07-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2F42.3.652&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21708761&amp;rft.aulast=Nelson&amp;rft.aufirst=Diane&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ficb%252F42.3.652&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFShaw" class="citation web cs1">Shaw, Michael W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140210001506/http://tardigrade.us/how-to-articles/how-to-find-tardigrades/">"How to Find Tardigrades"</a>. Tardigrade USA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tardigrade.us/how-to-articles/how-to-find-tardigrades/">the original</a> on 10 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=How+to+Find+Tardigrades&amp;rft.pub=Tardigrade+USA&amp;rft.aulast=Shaw&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael+W.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftardigrade.us%2Fhow-to-articles%2Fhow-to-find-tardigrades%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsteinBlaxter2002" class="citation journal cs1">Goldstein, Bob; Blaxter, Mark (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2802%2900959-4">"Tardigrades"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>12</b> (14): R475. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2802%2900959-4">10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00959-4</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12176341">12176341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Tardigrades&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.issue=14&amp;rft.pages=R475&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2802%2900959-4&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12176341&amp;rft.aulast=Goldstein&amp;rft.aufirst=Bob&amp;rft.au=Blaxter%2C+Mark&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0960-9822%252802%252900959-4&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-AP-20150929-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AP-20150929_18-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apnews.excite.com/article/20150929/us--new_microscopic_animal-f2f8286453.html">"Researchers discover new tiny organism, name it for Wyeths"</a>. AP News. 29 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Researchers+discover+new+tiny+organism%2C+name+it+for+Wyeths&amp;rft.date=2015-09-29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapnews.excite.com%2Farticle%2F20150929%2Fus--new_microscopic_animal-f2f8286453.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-PBSW-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PBSW_19-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPerryMiller2015" class="citation journal cs1">Perry, Emma S.; Miller, William R. (2015). "<i>Echiniscoides wyethi</i>, a new marine tardigrade from Maine, U.S.A. (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscoidea: Echiniscoididae)". <i>Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington</i>. <b>128</b> (1): 103–110. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2988%2F0006-324X-128.1.103">10.2988/0006-324X-128.1.103</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85893082">85893082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Biological+Society+of+Washington&amp;rft.atitle=Echiniscoides+wyethi%2C+a+new+marine+tardigrade+from+Maine%2C+U.S.A.+%28Heterotardigrada%3A+Echiniscoidea%3A+Echiniscoididae%29&amp;rft.volume=128&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=103-110&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2988%2F0006-324X-128.1.103&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85893082%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Perry&amp;rft.aufirst=Emma+S.&amp;rft.au=Miller%2C+William+R.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRomano2003" class="citation journal cs1">Romano, Frank A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1653%2F0015-4040%282003%29086%5B0134%3AOWB%5D2.0.CO%3B2">"On water bears"</a>. <i>Florida Entomologist</i>. <b>86</b> (2): 134–137. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1653%2F0015-4040%282003%29086%5B0134%3AOWB%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1653/0015-4040(2003)086[0134:OWB]2.0.CO;2</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Florida+Entomologist&amp;rft.atitle=On+water+bears&amp;rft.volume=86&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=134-137&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1653%2F0015-4040%282003%29086%5B0134%3AOWB%5D2.0.CO%3B2&amp;rft.aulast=Romano&amp;rft.aufirst=Frank+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1653%252F0015-4040%25282003%2529086%255B0134%253AOWB%255D2.0.CO%253B2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSmithBoothbyGiovanniniRebecchi2016" class="citation journal cs1">Smith,
Frank W.; Boothby, Thomas C.; Giovannini, Ilaria; Rebecchi, Lorena;
Jockusch, Elizabeth L.; Goldstein, Bob (1 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.11.059">"The Compact Body Plan of Tardigrades Evolved by the Loss of a Large Body Region"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>26</b> (2): 224–229. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.11.059">10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.059</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26776737">26776737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=The+Compact+Body+Plan+of+Tardigrades+Evolved+by+the+Loss+of+a+Large+Body+Region&amp;rft.volume=26&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=224-229&amp;rft.date=2016-01-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.11.059&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26776737&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.aufirst=Frank+W.&amp;rft.au=Boothby%2C+Thomas+C.&amp;rft.au=Giovannini%2C+Ilaria&amp;rft.au=Rebecchi%2C+Lorena&amp;rft.au=Jockusch%2C+Elizabeth+L.&amp;rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Bob&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2015.11.059&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Seki98-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seki98_22-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seki98_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSekiToyoshima1998" class="citation journal cs1">Seki, Kunihiro; Toyoshima, Masato (1998). "Preserving tardigrades under pressure". <i>Nature</i>. <b>395</b> (6705): 853–54. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Natur.395..853S">1998Natur.395..853S</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F27576">10.1038/27576</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4429569">4429569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Preserving+tardigrades+under+pressure&amp;rft.volume=395&amp;rft.issue=6705&amp;rft.pages=853-54&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4429569%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F27576&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Natur.395..853S&amp;rft.aulast=Seki&amp;rft.aufirst=Kunihiro&amp;rft.au=Toyoshima%2C+Masato&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kinchin, Ian M. (1994) <i>The Biology of Tardigrades</i> Ashgate Publishing</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-IZ-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_24-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1982" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Robert D. (1982). <i>Invertebrate Zoology</i>. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp.&nbsp;877–880. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-056747-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-056747-6"><bdi>978-0-03-056747-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Invertebrate+Zoology&amp;rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&amp;rft.pages=877-880&amp;rft.pub=Holt-Saunders+International&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-03-056747-6&amp;rft.aulast=Barnes&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://labs.bio.unc.edu/goldstein/SmithGoldstein2017.pdf">Segmentation in Tardigrada and diversification of segmental patterns in Panarthropoda</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-pmid26052416-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid26052416_26-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGrossMayer2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gross, Vladimir; Mayer, Georg (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4458024">"Neural development in the tardigrade <i>Hypsibius dujardini</i> based on anti-acetylated α-tubulin immunolabeling"</a>. <i>EvoDevo</i>. <b>6</b>: 12. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13227-015-0008-4">10.1186/s13227-015-0008-4</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4458024">4458024</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26052416">26052416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=EvoDevo&amp;rft.atitle=Neural+development+in+the+tardigrade+Hypsibius+dujardini+based+on+anti-acetylated+%CE%B1-tubulin+immunolabeling&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.pages=12&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4458024%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26052416&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13227-015-0008-4&amp;rft.aulast=Gross&amp;rft.aufirst=Vladimir&amp;rft.au=Mayer%2C+Georg&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4458024&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFZantkeWolffScholtz2007" class="citation journal cs1">Zantke, Juliane; Wolff, Carsten; Scholtz, Gerhard (2007). "Three-dimensional reconstruction of the central nervous system of <i>Macrobiotus hufelandi</i> (Eutardigrada, Parachela): Implications for the phylogenetic position of Tardigrada". <i>Zoomorphology</i>. <b>127</b> (1): 21–36. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00435-007-0045-1">10.1007/s00435-007-0045-1</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43853965">43853965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Zoomorphology&amp;rft.atitle=Three-dimensional+reconstruction+of+the+central+nervous+system+of+Macrobiotus+hufelandi+%28Eutardigrada%2C+Parachela%29%3A+Implications+for+the+phylogenetic+position+of+Tardigrada&amp;rft.volume=127&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=21-36&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00435-007-0045-1&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43853965%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Zantke&amp;rft.aufirst=Juliane&amp;rft.au=Wolff%2C+Carsten&amp;rft.au=Scholtz%2C+Gerhard&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Greven2007-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greven2007_28-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGreven2007" class="citation journal cs1">Greven, Hartmut (2007). "Comments on the eyes of tardigrades". <i>Arthropod Structure &amp; Development</i>. <b>36</b> (4): 401–407. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asd.2007.06.003">10.1016/j.asd.2007.06.003</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18089118">18089118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Arthropod+Structure+%26+Development&amp;rft.atitle=Comments+on+the+eyes+of+tardigrades&amp;rft.volume=36&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=401-407&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.asd.2007.06.003&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18089118&amp;rft.aulast=Greven&amp;rft.aufirst=Hartmut&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFElzinga1998" class="citation journal cs1">Elzinga, Richard J. (1998). "Microspines in the alimentary canal of Arthropoda, Onychophora, annelida". <i>International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology</i>. <b>27</b> (4): 341–349. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0020-7322%2898%2900027-0">10.1016/S0020-7322(98)00027-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Insect+Morphology+and+Embryology&amp;rft.atitle=Microspines+in+the+alimentary+canal+of+Arthropoda%2C+Onychophora%2C+annelida&amp;rft.volume=27&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=341-349&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0020-7322%2898%2900027-0&amp;rft.aulast=Elzinga&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSugiuraMatsumoto2021" class="citation journal cs1">Sugiura, Kenta; Matsumoto, Midori (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07924259.2021.1990142">"Sexual reproductive behaviours of tardigrades: A review"</a>. <i>Invertebrate Reproduction &amp; Development</i>. <b>65</b> (4): 279–287. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07924259.2021.1990142">10.1080/07924259.2021.1990142</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244504291">244504291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Invertebrate+Reproduction+%26+Development&amp;rft.atitle=Sexual+reproductive+behaviours+of+tardigrades%3A+A+review&amp;rft.volume=65&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=279-287&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07924259.2021.1990142&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244504291%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Sugiura&amp;rft.aufirst=Kenta&amp;rft.au=Matsumoto%2C+Midori&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F07924259.2021.1990142&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1977" class="citation journal cs1">Morgan, Clive I. (1977). "Population dynamics of two species of Tardigrada, <i>Macrobiotus hufelandii</i> (Schultze) and <i>Echiniscus (Echiniscus) testudo</i> (Doyere), in roof moss from Swansea". <i>Journal of Animal Ecology</i>. <b>46</b> (1): 263–79. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3960">10.2307/3960</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3960">3960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Animal+Ecology&amp;rft.atitle=Population+dynamics+of+two+species+of+Tardigrada%2C+Macrobiotus+hufelandii+%28Schultze%29+and+Echiniscus+%28Echiniscus%29+testudo+%28Doyere%29%2C+in+roof+moss+from+Swansea&amp;rft.volume=46&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=263-79&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3960&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3960%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Morgan&amp;rft.aufirst=Clive+I.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLindahl2008" class="citation web cs1">Lindahl, K. (15 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwu.edu/~tardisdp/tardigrade_facts.html">"Tardigrade Facts"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Tardigrade+Facts&amp;rft.date=2008-03-15&amp;rft.aulast=Lindahl&amp;rft.aufirst=K.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwu.edu%2F~tardisdp%2Ftardigrade_facts.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Brent_Nichols_2005-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brent_Nichols_2005_33-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brent_Nichols_2005_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBrent_Nichols2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Brent Nichols, Phillip (2005). <i>Tardigrade Evolution and Ecology</i> (PhD). Tampa, FL: University of South Florida.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&amp;rft.title=Tardigrade+Evolution+and+Ecology&amp;rft.inst=University+of+South+Florida&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.aulast=Brent+Nichols&amp;rft.aufirst=Phillip&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGlime2010" class="citation book cs1">Glime, Janice (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/bryophyte-ecology2/5/">"Tardigrades"</a>. <i>Bryophyte Ecology: Volume 2, Bryological Interaction</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Tardigrades&amp;rft.btitle=Bryophyte+Ecology%3A+Volume+2%2C+Bryological+Interaction&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.aulast=Glime&amp;rft.aufirst=Janice&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.mtu.edu%2Fbryophyte-ecology2%2F5%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHogan2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hogan, C. Michael (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eoearth.org/article/Extremophile?topic=49540">"Extremophile"</a>. In E. Monosson; C. Cleveland. (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Earth</i>. Washington, DC: National Council for Science and the Environment.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Extremophile&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Earth&amp;rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&amp;rft.pub=National+Council+for+Science+and+the+Environment.&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.aulast=Hogan&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+Michael&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eoearth.org%2Farticle%2FExtremophile%3Ftopic%3D49540&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSimon2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Simon, Matt (21 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2014/03/absurd-creature-week-water-bear/">"Absurd Creature of the Week: The Incredible Critter That's Tough Enough to Survive in Space"</a>. <i>Wired</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Wired&amp;rft.atitle=Absurd+Creature+of+the+Week%3A+The+Incredible+Critter+That%27s+Tough+Enough+to+Survive+in+Space&amp;rft.date=2014-03-21&amp;rft.aulast=Simon&amp;rft.aufirst=Matt&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2014%2F03%2Fabsurd-creature-week-water-bear%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/340800193"><i>New Zealand inventory of biodiversity</i></a>. Dennis P. Gordon. Christchurch, N.Z.: Canterbury University Press. 2009–2012. p.&nbsp;28. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877257-72-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-877257-72-8"><bdi>978-1-877257-72-8</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/340800193">340800193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=New+Zealand+inventory+of+biodiversity&amp;rft.place=Christchurch%2C+N.Z.&amp;rft.pages=28&amp;rft.pub=Canterbury+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2009%2F2012&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F340800193&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-877257-72-8&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F340800193&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NYT-20150907-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20150907_38-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20150907_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDean2015" class="citation news cs1">Dean, Cornelia (7 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/08/science/the-tardigrade-water-bear.html">"The Tardigrade: Practically Invisible, Indestructible 'Water Bears'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=The+Tardigrade%3A+Practically+Invisible%2C+Indestructible+%27Water+Bears%27&amp;rft.date=2015-09-07&amp;rft.aulast=Dean&amp;rft.aufirst=Cornelia&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F09%2F08%2Fscience%2Fthe-tardigrade-water-bear.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHalbergPerssonRamløvWesth2009" class="citation journal cs1">Halberg,
Kenneth Agerlin; Persson, Dennis; Ramløv, Hans; Westh, Peter;
Kristensen, Reinhardt Møbjerg; Møbjerg, Nadja (1 September 2009).
"Cyclomorphosis in Tardigrada: adaptation to environmental constraints".
<i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>212</b> (17): 2803–11. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.029413">10.1242/jeb.029413</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19684214">19684214</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23429443">23429443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Cyclomorphosis+in+Tardigrada%3A+adaptation+to+environmental+constraints&amp;rft.volume=212&amp;rft.issue=17&amp;rft.pages=2803-11&amp;rft.date=2009-09-01&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23429443%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19684214&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.029413&amp;rft.aulast=Halberg&amp;rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Agerlin&amp;rft.au=Persson%2C+Dennis&amp;rft.au=Raml%C3%B8v%2C+Hans&amp;rft.au=Westh%2C+Peter&amp;rft.au=Kristensen%2C+Reinhardt+M%C3%B8bjerg&amp;rft.au=M%C3%B8bjerg%2C+Nadja&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRampelotto2010" class="citation journal cs1">Rampelotto, Pabulo Henrique (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu2061602">"Resistance of Microorganisms to Extreme Environmental Conditions and Its Contribution to Astrobiology"</a>. <i>Sustainability</i>. <b>2</b> (6): 1602–23. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Sust....2.1602R">2010Sust....2.1602R</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu2061602">10.3390/su2061602</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Sustainability&amp;rft.atitle=Resistance+of+Microorganisms+to+Extreme+Environmental+Conditions+and+Its+Contribution+to+Astrobiology&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1602-23&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsu2061602&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Sust....2.1602R&amp;rft.aulast=Rampelotto&amp;rft.aufirst=Pabulo+Henrique&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsu2061602&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRothschildMancinelli2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_J._Rothschild" title="Lynn J. Rothschild">Rothschild, Lynn J</a>; Mancinelli, Rocco L (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1233097">"Life in extreme environments"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>409</b> (6823): 1092–101. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.409.1092R">2001Natur.409.1092R</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35059215">10.1038/35059215</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11234023">11234023</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:529873">529873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Life+in+extreme+environments&amp;rft.volume=409&amp;rft.issue=6823&amp;rft.pages=1092-101&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35059215&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A529873%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11234023&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Natur.409.1092R&amp;rft.aulast=Rothschild&amp;rft.aufirst=Lynn+J&amp;rft.au=Mancinelli%2C+Rocco+L&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1233097&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBrennand2011" class="citation web cs1">Brennand, Emma (17 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/12855775">"Tardigrades: Water bears in space"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Tardigrades%3A+Water+bears+in+space&amp;rft.pub=BBC&amp;rft.date=2011-05-17&amp;rft.aulast=Brennand&amp;rft.aufirst=Emma&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnature%2F12855775&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-auto-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_43-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCroweCarpenterCrowe1998" class="citation news cs1">Crowe, John H.; Carpenter, John F.; Crowe, Lois M. (October 1998). "The role of vitrification in anhydrobiosis". <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Physiology" title="Annual Review of Physiology">Annual Review of Physiology</a></i>. Vol.&nbsp;60. pp.&nbsp;73–103. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.physiol.60.1.73">10.1146/annurev.physiol.60.1.73</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9558455">9558455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Physiology&amp;rft.atitle=The+role+of+vitrification+in+anhydrobiosis&amp;rft.volume=60&amp;rft.pages=73-103&amp;rft.date=1998-10&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.physiol.60.1.73&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9558455&amp;rft.aulast=Crowe&amp;rft.aufirst=John+H.&amp;rft.au=Carpenter%2C+John+F.&amp;rft.au=Crowe%2C+Lois+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Guidetti,_R._&amp;_Jönsson,_K.I._2002_181–187-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guidetti,_R._&amp;_Jönsson,_K.I._2002_181–187_44-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guidetti,_R._&amp;_Jönsson,_K.I._2002_181–187_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGuidettiJönsson2002" class="citation journal cs1">Guidetti, Roberto; Jönsson, K. Ingemar (2002). "Long-term anhydrobiotic survival in semi-terrestrial micrometazoans". <i>Journal of Zoology</i>. <b>257</b> (2): 181–87. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a>&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.630.9839">10.1.1.630.9839</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS095283690200078X">10.1017/S095283690200078X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Zoology&amp;rft.atitle=Long-term+anhydrobiotic+survival+in+semi-terrestrial+micrometazoans&amp;rft.volume=257&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=181-87&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.630.9839%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS095283690200078X&amp;rft.aulast=Guidetti&amp;rft.aufirst=Roberto&amp;rft.au=J%C3%B6nsson%2C+K.+Ingemar&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChimileskiKolter2017" class="citation book cs1">Chimileski, Scott; Kolter, Roberto (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674975910"><i>Life at the Edge of Sight: A Photographic Exploration of the Microbial World</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press: An Imprint of Harvard University Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674975910" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674975910"><bdi>978-0674975910</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Life+at+the+Edge+of+Sight%3A+A+Photographic+Exploration+of+the+Microbial+World&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&amp;rft.pub=Belknap+Press%3A+An+Imprint+of+Harvard+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.isbn=978-0674975910&amp;rft.aulast=Chimileski&amp;rft.aufirst=Scott&amp;rft.au=Kolter%2C+Roberto&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hup.harvard.edu%2Fcatalog.php%3Fisbn%3D9780674975910&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBell2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, Graham (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4721102">"Experimental macroevolution"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>283</b> (1822): 20152547. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2015.2547">10.1098/rspb.2015.2547</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4721102">4721102</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26763705">26763705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Experimental+macroevolution&amp;rft.volume=283&amp;rft.issue=1822&amp;rft.pages=20152547&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4721102%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26763705&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2015.2547&amp;rft.aulast=Bell&amp;rft.aufirst=Graham&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4721102&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/tardigrades-facts-water-bear-science-outer-space-2017-10">"Humans are just starting to understand this nearly invincible creature – and it's fascinating"</a>. <i>BusinessInsider.com</i>. Business Insider Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=BusinessInsider.com&amp;rft.atitle=Humans+are+just+starting+to+understand+this+nearly+invincible+creature+%E2%80%93+and+it%27s+fascinating&amp;rft.aulast=Anderson&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Ftardigrades-facts-water-bear-science-outer-space-2017-10&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jönsson,
K., &amp; Bertolani, R. (2001). Facts and fiction about long-term
survival in tardigrades. Journal of Zoology, 255(1), 121-123.
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<li id="cite_note-hibshman-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hibshman_49-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hibshman_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHibshmanCleggGoldstein2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hibshman, Jonathan D.; Clegg, James S.; Goldstein, Bob (2020-10-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7649794">"Mechanisms of Desiccation Tolerance: Themes and Variations in Brine Shrimp, Roundworms, and Tardigrades"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Physiology</i>. <b>11</b>: 592016. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffphys.2020.592016">10.3389/fphys.2020.592016</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1664-042X">1664-042X</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7649794">7649794</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33192606">33192606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Physiology&amp;rft.atitle=Mechanisms+of+Desiccation+Tolerance%3A+Themes+and+Variations+in+Brine+Shrimp%2C+Roundworms%2C+and+Tardigrades&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.pages=592016&amp;rft.date=2020-10-23&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7649794%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft.issn=1664-042X&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33192606&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffphys.2020.592016&amp;rft.aulast=Hibshman&amp;rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&amp;rft.au=Clegg%2C+James+S.&amp;rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Bob&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7649794&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-kamilari-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kamilari_50-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kamilari_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKamilariJørgensenSchiøttMøbjerg2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kamilari, Maria; Jørgensen, Aslak; Schiøtt, Morten; Møbjerg, Nadja (2019-07-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6652013">"Comparative transcriptomics suggest unique molecular adaptations within tardigrade lineages"</a>. <i>BMC Genomics</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 607. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12864-019-5912-x">10.1186/s12864-019-5912-x</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2164">1471-2164</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6652013">6652013</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31340759">31340759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BMC+Genomics&amp;rft.atitle=Comparative+transcriptomics+suggest+unique+molecular+adaptations+within+tardigrade+lineages&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=607&amp;rft.date=2019-07-24&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6652013%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft.issn=1471-2164&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31340759&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12864-019-5912-x&amp;rft.aulast=Kamilari&amp;rft.aufirst=Maria&amp;rft.au=J%C3%B8rgensen%2C+Aslak&amp;rft.au=Schi%C3%B8tt%2C+Morten&amp;rft.au=M%C3%B8bjerg%2C+Nadja&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6652013&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLapinskiTunnacliffe2003" class="citation journal cs1">Lapinski, Jens; Tunnacliffe, Alan (2003). "Anhydrobiosis without trehalose in bdelloid rotifers". <i>FEBS Letters</i>. <b>553</b> (3): 387–390. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0014-5793%2803%2901062-7">10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01062-7</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1873-3468">1873-3468</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14572656">14572656</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1692056">1692056</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=FEBS+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=Anhydrobiosis+without+trehalose+in+bdelloid+rotifers&amp;rft.volume=553&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=387-390&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.issn=1873-3468&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1692056%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14572656&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0014-5793%2803%2901062-7&amp;rft.aulast=Lapinski&amp;rft.aufirst=Jens&amp;rft.au=Tunnacliffe%2C+Alan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBoothbyTapiaBrozenaPiszkiewicz2017" class="citation journal cs1">Boothby,
Thomas C; Tapia, Hugo; Brozena, Alexandra H; Piszkiewicz, Samantha;
Smith, Austin E; Giovannini, Ilaria; Rebecchi, Lorena; Pielak, Gary J;
Koshland, Doug; Goldstein, Bob (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5987194">"Tardigrades Use Intrinsically Disordered Proteins to Survive Desiccation"</a>. <i>Molecular Cell</i>. <b>65</b> (6): 975–984.e5. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2017.02.018">10.1016/j.molcel.2017.02.018</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5987194">5987194</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28306513">28306513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Cell&amp;rft.atitle=Tardigrades+Use+Intrinsically+Disordered+Proteins+to+Survive+Desiccation&amp;rft.volume=65&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=975-984.e5&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5987194%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28306513&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2017.02.018&amp;rft.aulast=Boothby&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas+C&amp;rft.au=Tapia%2C+Hugo&amp;rft.au=Brozena%2C+Alexandra+H&amp;rft.au=Piszkiewicz%2C+Samantha&amp;rft.au=Smith%2C+Austin+E&amp;rft.au=Giovannini%2C+Ilaria&amp;rft.au=Rebecchi%2C+Lorena&amp;rft.au=Pielak%2C+Gary+J&amp;rft.au=Koshland%2C+Doug&amp;rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Bob&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5987194&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBoothbyPiszkiewiczHolehousePappu2018" class="citation journal cs1">Boothby, Thomas C.; Piszkiewicz, Samantha; Holehouse, Alex; Pappu, Rohit V.; Pielak, Gary J. (December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0011224018304024">"Tardigrades use intrinsically disordered proteins to survive desiccation"</a>. <i>Cryobiology</i>. <b>85</b>: 137–138. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cryobiol.2018.10.077">10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.10.077</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11380%2F1129511">11380/1129511</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:92411591">92411591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Cryobiology&amp;rft.atitle=Tardigrades+use+intrinsically+disordered+proteins+to+survive+desiccation&amp;rft.volume=85&amp;rft.pages=137-138&amp;rft.date=2018-12&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11380%2F1129511&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A92411591%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cryobiol.2018.10.077&amp;rft.aulast=Boothby&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&amp;rft.au=Piszkiewicz%2C+Samantha&amp;rft.au=Holehouse%2C+Alex&amp;rft.au=Pappu%2C+Rohit+V.&amp;rft.au=Pielak%2C+Gary+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0011224018304024&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFTaugerGill2016" class="citation news cs1">Tauger, Nathan; Gill, Victoria (20 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-37384466">"Survival secret of 'Earth's hardiest animal' revealed"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Survival+secret+of+%27Earth%27s+hardiest+animal%27+revealed&amp;rft.date=2016-09-20&amp;rft.aulast=Tauger&amp;rft.aufirst=Nathan&amp;rft.au=Gill%2C+Victoria&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-37384466&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Hashimoto_et_al._2015-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hashimoto_et_al._2015_55-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hashimoto_et_al._2015_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHashimotoHorikawaSaitoKuwahara2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hashimoto,
Takuma; Horikawa, Daiki D; Saito, Yuki; Kuwahara, Hirokazu;
Kozuka-Hata, Hiroko; Shin-i, Tadasu; Minakuchi, Yohei; Ohishi, Kazuko;
Motoyama, Ayuko; Aizu, Tomoyuki; Enomoto, Atsushi; Kondo, Koyuki;
Tanaka, Sae; Hara, Yuichiro; Koshikawa, Shigeyuki; Sagara, Hiroshi;
Miura, Toru; Yokobori, Shin-Ichi; Miyagawa, Kiyoshi; Suzuki, Yutaka;
Kubo, Takeo; Oyama, Masaaki; Kohara, Yuji; Fujiyama, Asao; Arakawa,
Kazuharu; Katayama, Toshiaki; Toyoda, Atsushi; Kunieda, Takekazu (2016).
<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5034306">"Extremotolerant tardigrade genome and improved radiotolerance of human cultured cells by tardigrade-unique protein"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>7</b>: 12808. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCo...712808H">2016NatCo...712808H</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms12808">10.1038/ncomms12808</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5034306">5034306</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27649274">27649274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&amp;rft.atitle=Extremotolerant+tardigrade+genome+and+improved+radiotolerance+of+human+cultured+cells+by+tardigrade-unique+protein&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.pages=12808&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5034306%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27649274&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms12808&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NatCo...712808H&amp;rft.aulast=Hashimoto&amp;rft.aufirst=Takuma&amp;rft.au=Horikawa%2C+Daiki+D&amp;rft.au=Saito%2C+Yuki&amp;rft.au=Kuwahara%2C+Hirokazu&amp;rft.au=Kozuka-Hata%2C+Hiroko&amp;rft.au=Shin-i%2C+Tadasu&amp;rft.au=Minakuchi%2C+Yohei&amp;rft.au=Ohishi%2C+Kazuko&amp;rft.au=Motoyama%2C+Ayuko&amp;rft.au=Aizu%2C+Tomoyuki&amp;rft.au=Enomoto%2C+Atsushi&amp;rft.au=Kondo%2C+Koyuki&amp;rft.au=Tanaka%2C+Sae&amp;rft.au=Hara%2C+Yuichiro&amp;rft.au=Koshikawa%2C+Shigeyuki&amp;rft.au=Sagara%2C+Hiroshi&amp;rft.au=Miura%2C+Toru&amp;rft.au=Yokobori%2C+Shin-Ichi&amp;rft.au=Miyagawa%2C+Kiyoshi&amp;rft.au=Suzuki%2C+Yutaka&amp;rft.au=Kubo%2C+Takeo&amp;rft.au=Oyama%2C+Masaaki&amp;rft.au=Kohara%2C+Yuji&amp;rft.au=Fujiyama%2C+Asao&amp;rft.au=Arakawa%2C+Kazuharu&amp;rft.au=Katayama%2C+Toshiaki&amp;rft.au=Toyoda%2C+Atsushi&amp;rft.au=Kunieda%2C+Takekazu&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5034306&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Piper" title="Ross Piper">Piper, Ross</a> (2007), <i>Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals</i>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Press</a>. p.&nbsp;277. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33922-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33922-6">978-0-313-33922-6</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-survival-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-survival_57-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-survival_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHorikawa2012" class="citation book cs1">Horikawa,
Daiki D (2012). "Survival of Tardigrades in Extreme Environments: A
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<li id="cite_note-CB-201602-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CB-201602_58-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFTsujimotoImuraKanda2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tsujimoto, Megumu; Imura, Satoshi; Kanda, Hiroshi (February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cryobiol.2015.12.003">"Recovery and reproduction of an Antarctic tardigrade retrieved from a moss sample frozen for over 30 years"</a>. <i>Cryobiology</i>. <b>72</b> (1): 78–81. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cryobiol.2015.12.003">10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.12.003</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26724522">26724522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Cryobiology&amp;rft.atitle=Recovery+and+reproduction+of+an+Antarctic+tardigrade+retrieved+from+a+moss+sample+frozen+for+over+30+years&amp;rft.volume=72&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=78-81&amp;rft.date=2015-02&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cryobiol.2015.12.003&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26724522&amp;rft.aulast=Tsujimoto&amp;rft.aufirst=Megumu&amp;rft.au=Imura%2C+Satoshi&amp;rft.au=Kanda%2C+Hiroshi&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cryobiol.2015.12.003&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBecquerel1950" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Becquerel, Paul (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3183z/f261.item">"La
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<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNevesHvidepilSørensen-HygumStuart2020" class="citation journal cs1">Neves, Ricardo Cardoso; Hvidepil, Lykke K. B.; Sørensen-Hygum, Thomas L.; Stuart, Robyn M.; Møbjerg, Nadja (9 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6952461">"Thermotolerance
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<li id="cite_note-Science-20210518-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Science-20210518_61-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Science-20210518_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFO'Callaghan2021" class="citation journal cs1">O'Callaghan, Jonathan (2021). "Hardy water bears survive bullet impacts—up to a point". <i>Science</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abj5282">10.1126/science.abj5282</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236376996">236376996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Hardy+water+bears+survive+bullet+impacts%E2%80%94up+to+a+point&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abj5282&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236376996%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=O%27Callaghan&amp;rft.aufirst=Jonathan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Jönsson,_K._Ingemar_&amp;_R._Bertolani_2001_121–123-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jönsson,_K._Ingemar_&amp;_R._Bertolani_2001_121–123_62-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jönsson,_K._Ingemar_&amp;_R._Bertolani_2001_121–123_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJönssonBertolani2001" class="citation journal cs1">Jönsson, K. Ingemar; Bertolani, Roberto (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lup.lub.lu.se/record/147519">"Facts and fiction about long-term survival in tardigrades"</a>. <i>Journal of Zoology</i>. <b>255</b> (1): 121–23. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0952836901001169">10.1017/S0952836901001169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Zoology&amp;rft.atitle=Facts+and+fiction+about+long-term+survival+in+tardigrades&amp;rft.volume=255&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=121-23&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0952836901001169&amp;rft.aulast=J%C3%B6nsson&amp;rft.aufirst=K.+Ingemar&amp;rft.au=Bertolani%2C+Roberto&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flup.lub.lu.se%2Frecord%2F147519&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Franceschi,_T._1948_47–49-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franceschi,_T._1948_47–49_63-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franceschi,_T._1948_47–49_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFranceschi1948" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Franceschi, T. (1948). "Anabiosi nei tardigradi" [Anabiosis in Tardigrades]. <i>Bollettino dei Musei e Degli Istituti Biologici dell'Università di Genova</i> (in Italian). <b>22</b>: 47–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bollettino+dei+Musei+e+Degli+Istituti+Biologici+dell%27Universit%C3%A0+di+Genova&amp;rft.atitle=Anabiosi+nei+tardigradi&amp;rft.volume=22&amp;rft.pages=47-49&amp;rft.date=1948&amp;rft.aulast=Franceschi&amp;rft.aufirst=T.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKent2000" class="citation cs2">Kent, Michael (2000), <i>Advanced Biology</i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Advanced+Biology&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.aulast=Kent&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHorikawaSakashitaKatagiriWatanabe2006" class="citation journal cs1">Horikawa,
Daiki D.; Sakashita, Tetsuya; Katagiri, Chihiro; Watanabe, Masahiko;
Kikawada, Takahiro; Nakahara, Yuichi; Hamada, Nobuyuki; Wada, Seiichi;
Funayama, Tomoo; Higashi, Seigo; Kobayashi, Yasuhiko; Okuda, Takashi;
Kuwabara, Mikinori (2006). "Radiation tolerance in the tardigrade
Milnesium tardigradum". <i>International Journal of Radiation Biology</i>. <b>82</b> (12): 843–848. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09553000600972956">10.1080/09553000600972956</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17178624">17178624</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25354328">25354328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Radiation+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Radiation+tolerance+in+the+tardigrade+Milnesium+tardigradum&amp;rft.volume=82&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=843-848&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25354328%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17178624&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09553000600972956&amp;rft.aulast=Horikawa&amp;rft.aufirst=Daiki+D.&amp;rft.au=Sakashita%2C+Tetsuya&amp;rft.au=Katagiri%2C+Chihiro&amp;rft.au=Watanabe%2C+Masahiko&amp;rft.au=Kikawada%2C+Takahiro&amp;rft.au=Nakahara%2C+Yuichi&amp;rft.au=Hamada%2C+Nobuyuki&amp;rft.au=Wada%2C+Seiichi&amp;rft.au=Funayama%2C+Tomoo&amp;rft.au=Higashi%2C+Seigo&amp;rft.au=Kobayashi%2C+Yasuhiko&amp;rft.au=Okuda%2C+Takashi&amp;rft.au=Kuwabara%2C+Mikinori&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Horikawa_et_al._2006-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Horikawa_et_al._2006_66-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horikawa_et_al._2006_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHorikawaSakashitaKatagiriWatanabe2009" class="citation journal cs1">Horikawa,
Daiki D; Sakashita, Tetsuya; Katagiri, Chihiro; Watanabe, Masahiko;
Kikawada, Takahiro; Nakahara, Yuichi; Hamada, Nobuyuki; Wada, Seiichi;
Funayama, Tomoo; Higashi, Seigo; Kobayashi, Yasuhiko; Okuda, Takashi;
Kuwabara, Mikinori (2009). "Radiation tolerance in the tardigrade <i>Milnesium tardigradum</i>". <i>International Journal of Radiation Biology</i>. <b>82</b> (12): 843–48. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09553000600972956">10.1080/09553000600972956</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17178624">17178624</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25354328">25354328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Radiation+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Radiation+tolerance+in+the+tardigrade+Milnesium+tardigradum&amp;rft.volume=82&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=843-48&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25354328%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17178624&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09553000600972956&amp;rft.aulast=Horikawa&amp;rft.aufirst=Daiki+D&amp;rft.au=Sakashita%2C+Tetsuya&amp;rft.au=Katagiri%2C+Chihiro&amp;rft.au=Watanabe%2C+Masahiko&amp;rft.au=Kikawada%2C+Takahiro&amp;rft.au=Nakahara%2C+Yuichi&amp;rft.au=Hamada%2C+Nobuyuki&amp;rft.au=Wada%2C+Seiichi&amp;rft.au=Funayama%2C+Tomoo&amp;rft.au=Higashi%2C+Seigo&amp;rft.au=Kobayashi%2C+Yasuhiko&amp;rft.au=Okuda%2C+Takashi&amp;rft.au=Kuwabara%2C+Mikinori&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHorikawa" class="citation web cs1">Horikawa, Daiki D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130218052059/https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/seminars/featured-seminar-channels/early-career-seminars/2012/04/24/uv-radiation-tolerance-of-tardigrades/">"UV Radiation Tolerance of Tardigrades"</a>. NASA.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/seminars/featured-seminar-channels/early-career-seminars/2012/04/24/uv-radiation-tolerance-of-tardigrades/">the original</a> on 2013-02-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=UV+Radiation+Tolerance+of+Tardigrades&amp;rft.pub=NASA.com&amp;rft.aulast=Horikawa&amp;rft.aufirst=Daiki+D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fastrobiology.nasa.gov%2Fseminars%2Ffeatured-seminar-channels%2Fearly-career-seminars%2F2012%2F04%2F24%2Fuv-radiation-tolerance-of-tardigrades%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Jönsson_2013-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jönsson_2013_68-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jönsson_2013_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJönssonBeltran-PardoHaghdoostWojcik2013" class="citation journal cs1">Jönsson,
Ingemar; Beltran-Pardo, Eliana; Haghdoost, Siamak; Wojcik, Andrzej;
Bermúdez-Cruz, Rosa María; Bernal Villegas, Jaime E; Harms-Ringdahl,
Mats (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4081%2Fjlimnol.2013.s1.e9">"Tolerance to gamma-irradiation in eggs of the tardigrade Richtersius coronifer depends on stage of development"</a>. <i>Journal of Limnology</i>. <b>72</b> (1): 9. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4081%2Fjlimnol.2013.s1.e9">10.4081/jlimnol.2013.s1.e9</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Limnology&amp;rft.atitle=Tolerance+to+gamma-irradiation+in+eggs+of+the+tardigrade+Richtersius+coronifer+depends+on+stage+of+development&amp;rft.volume=72&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=9&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4081%2Fjlimnol.2013.s1.e9&amp;rft.aulast=J%C3%B6nsson&amp;rft.aufirst=Ingemar&amp;rft.au=Beltran-Pardo%2C+Eliana&amp;rft.au=Haghdoost%2C+Siamak&amp;rft.au=Wojcik%2C+Andrzej&amp;rft.au=Berm%C3%BAdez-Cruz%2C+Rosa+Mar%C3%ADa&amp;rft.au=Bernal+Villegas%2C+Jaime+E&amp;rft.au=Harms-Ringdahl%2C+Mats&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4081%252Fjlimnol.2013.s1.e9&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NS-20080908-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NS-20080908_69-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NS-20080908_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCourtland2008" class="citation news cs1">Courtland, Rachel (8 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14690-water-bears-are-first-animal-to-survive-space-vacuum.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Water bears' are first animal to survive space vacuum"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&amp;rft.atitle=%27Water+bears%27+are+first+animal+to+survive+space+vacuum&amp;rft.date=2008-09-08&amp;rft.aulast=Courtland&amp;rft.aufirst=Rachel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn14690-water-bears-are-first-animal-to-survive-space-vacuum.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-low-earth-orbit-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-low-earth-orbit_70-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-low-earth-orbit_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-low-earth-orbit_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJönssonRabbowSchillHarms-Ringdahl2008" class="citation journal cs1">Jönsson, K. Ingemar; Rabbow, Elke; Schill, Ralph O; Harms-Ringdahl, Mats; Rettberg, Petra (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.06.048">"Tardigrades survive exposure to space in low Earth orbit"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>18</b> (17): R729–R731. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.06.048">10.1016/j.cub.2008.06.048</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18786368">18786368</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8566993">8566993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Tardigrades+survive+exposure+to+space+in+low+Earth+orbit&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.issue=17&amp;rft.pages=R729-R731&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8566993%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18786368&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.06.048&amp;rft.aulast=J%C3%B6nsson&amp;rft.aufirst=K.+Ingemar&amp;rft.au=Rabbow%2C+Elke&amp;rft.au=Schill%2C+Ralph+O&amp;rft.au=Harms-Ringdahl%2C+Mats&amp;rft.au=Rettberg%2C+Petra&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2008.06.048&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Science-20080908-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Science-20080908_71-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/5817-creature-survives-naked-space.html">"Creature Survives Naked in Space"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space.com" title="Space.com">Space.com</a>. 8 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Creature+Survives+Naked+in+Space&amp;rft.pub=Space.com&amp;rft.date=2008-09-08&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F5817-creature-survives-naked-space.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-MSNBC-20111222-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MSNBC-20111222_72-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMustain2011" class="citation web cs1">Mustain, Andrea (22 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/45766560">"Weird wildlife: The real land animals of Antarctica"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Weird+wildlife%3A+The+real+land+animals+of+Antarctica&amp;rft.pub=NBC+News&amp;rft.date=2011-12-22&amp;rft.aulast=Mustain&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrea&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F45766560&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJönssonRabbowSchillHarms-Ringdahl2008" class="citation journal cs1">Jönsson, K. Ingemar; Rabbow, Elke; Schill, Ralph O.; Harms-Ringdahl, Mats; Rettberg, Petra (September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.06.048">"Tardigrades survive exposure to space in low Earth orbit"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>18</b> (17): R729–R731. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.06.048">10.1016/j.cub.2008.06.048</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18786368">18786368</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8566993">8566993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Tardigrades+survive+exposure+to+space+in+low+Earth+orbit&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.issue=17&amp;rft.pages=R729-R731&amp;rft.date=2008-09&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8566993%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18786368&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.06.048&amp;rft.aulast=J%C3%B6nsson&amp;rft.aufirst=K.+Ingemar&amp;rft.au=Rabbow%2C+Elke&amp;rft.au=Schill%2C+Ralph+O.&amp;rft.au=Harms-Ringdahl%2C+Mats&amp;rft.au=Rettberg%2C+Petra&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2008.06.048&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNASA_Staff2011" class="citation web cs1">NASA Staff (17 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110417085459/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/BIOKIS.html">"BIOKon In Space (BIOKIS)"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/BIOKIS.html">the original</a> on 17 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=BIOKon+In+Space+%28BIOKIS%29&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft.date=2011-05-17&amp;rft.au=NASA+Staff&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fstation%2Fresearch%2Fexperiments%2FBIOKIS.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBrennard2011" class="citation web cs1">Brennard, Emma (17 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/12855775">"Tardigrades: Water bears in space"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Tardigrades%3A+Water+bears+in+space&amp;rft.pub=BBC&amp;rft.date=2011-05-17&amp;rft.aulast=Brennard&amp;rft.aufirst=Emma&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnature%2F12855775&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/12855775">"Tardigrades: Water bears in space"</a>. BBC Nature. 17 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Tardigrades%3A+Water+bears+in+space&amp;rft.pub=BBC+Nature&amp;rft.date=2011-05-17&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnature%2F12855775&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRebecchiAltieroRizzoCesari2012" class="citation book cs1">Rebecchi, L.; Altiero, T.; Rizzo, A. M.; Cesari, M.; Montorfano, G.; Marchioro, T.; Bertolani, R.; Guidetti, R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tardigrada.net/newsletter/images/symposia/12_Booklet.pdf">"Two tardigrade species on board of the STS-134 space flight"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>12th&nbsp;International Symposium on Tardigrada</i>. p.&nbsp;89. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2434%2F239127">2434/239127</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-989-96860-7-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-989-96860-7-6"><bdi>978-989-96860-7-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Two+tardigrade+species+on+board+of+the+STS-134+space+flight&amp;rft.btitle=12th+International+Symposium+on+Tardigrada&amp;rft.pages=89&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2434%2F239127&amp;rft.isbn=978-989-96860-7-6&amp;rft.aulast=Rebecchi&amp;rft.aufirst=L.&amp;rft.au=Altiero%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Rizzo%2C+A.+M.&amp;rft.au=Cesari%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Montorfano%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Marchioro%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Bertolani%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Guidetti%2C+R.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tardigrada.net%2Fnewsletter%2Fimages%2Fsymposia%2F12_Booklet.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFReuell2019" class="citation web cs1">Reuell, Peter (2019-07-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/07/harvard-study-suggests-asteroids-might-play-key-role-in-spreading-life/">"Harvard study suggests asteroids might play key role in spreading life"</a>. <i>Harvard Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Harvard+Gazette&amp;rft.atitle=Harvard+study+suggests+asteroids+might+play+key+role+in+spreading+life&amp;rft.date=2019-07-08&amp;rft.aulast=Reuell&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.harvard.edu%2Fgazette%2Fstory%2F2019%2F07%2Fharvard-study-suggests-asteroids-might-play-key-role-in-spreading-life%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-WRD-20190805-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WRD-20190805_79-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFOberhaus2019" class="citation news cs1">Oberhaus, Daniel (5 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/a-crashed-israeli-lunar-lander-spilled-tardigrades-on-the-moon/">"A Crashed Israeli Lunar Lander Spilled Tardigrades On The Moon"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Wired&amp;rft.atitle=A+Crashed+Israeli+Lunar+Lander+Spilled+Tardigrades+On+The+Moon&amp;rft.date=2019-08-05&amp;rft.aulast=Oberhaus&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fstory%2Fa-crashed-israeli-lunar-lander-spilled-tardigrades-on-the-moon%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-VOX-20190806-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VOX-20190806_80-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFResnick2019" class="citation news cs1">Resnick, Brian (6 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/8/6/20756844/tardigrade-moon-beresheet-arch-mission">"Tardigrades,
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</li>
<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Łukasz
Kaczmarek. Can Tardigrades Theoretically Survive on Mars? Conference:
Early Earth and ExoEarths: origin and evolution of lifeAt: Warszawa,
Poland. April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319213582_Can_tardigrades_theoretically_survive_on_Mars">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319213582_Can_tardigrades_theoretically_survive_on_Mars</a>. Accessed on Oct 16, 2021</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLedford2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ledford, Heidi (8 September 2008). "Spacesuits optional for 'water bears'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Nature</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2008.1087">10.1038/news.2008.1087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Spacesuits+optional+for+%27water+bears%27&amp;rft.date=2008-09-08&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnews.2008.1087&amp;rft.aulast=Ledford&amp;rft.aufirst=Heidi&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Cambell-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cambell_83-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambell_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellRota-StabelliEdgecombeMarchioro2011" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell,
Lahcen I.; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Marchioro,
Trevor; Longhorn, Stuart J.; Telford, Maximilian J.; Philippe, Hervé;
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and phylogenomics resolve the relationships of Tardigrada and suggest
that velvet worms are the sister group of Arthropoda"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>108</b> (38): 15920–24. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PNAS..10815920C">2011PNAS..10815920C</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1105499108">10.1073/pnas.1105499108</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3179045">3179045</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21896763">21896763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=MicroRNAs+and+phylogenomics+resolve+the+relationships+of+Tardigrada+and+suggest+that+velvet+worms+are+the+sister+group+of+Arthropoda&amp;rft.volume=108&amp;rft.issue=38&amp;rft.pages=15920-24&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3179045%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21896763&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1105499108&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PNAS..10815920C&amp;rft.aulast=Campbell&amp;rft.aufirst=Lahcen+I.&amp;rft.au=Rota-Stabelli%2C+Omar&amp;rft.au=Edgecombe%2C+Gregory+D.&amp;rft.au=Marchioro%2C+Trevor&amp;rft.au=Longhorn%2C+Stuart+J.&amp;rft.au=Telford%2C+Maximilian+J.&amp;rft.au=Philippe%2C+Herv%C3%A9&amp;rft.au=Rebecchi%2C+Lorena&amp;rft.au=Peterson%2C+Kevin+J.&amp;rft.au=Pisani%2C+Davide&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3179045&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Telford-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Telford_84-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFTelfordBourlatEconomouPapillon2008" class="citation journal cs1">Telford, Maximilian J.; Bourlat, Sarah J.; Economou, Andrew; Papillon, Daniel; Rota-Stabelli, Omar (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2614232">"The evolution of the Ecdysozoa"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>363</b> (1496): 1529–37. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2007.2243">10.1098/rstb.2007.2243</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20208544">20208544</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2614232">2614232</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18192181">18192181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+the+Ecdysozoa&amp;rft.volume=363&amp;rft.issue=1496&amp;rft.pages=1529-37&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2614232%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18192181&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20208544%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2007.2243&amp;rft.aulast=Telford&amp;rft.aufirst=Maximilian+J.&amp;rft.au=Bourlat%2C+Sarah+J.&amp;rft.au=Economou%2C+Andrew&amp;rft.au=Papillon%2C+Daniel&amp;rft.au=Rota-Stabelli%2C+Omar&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2614232&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBlaxterElsworthDaub2004" class="citation journal cs1">Blaxter, Mark; Elsworth, Ben; Daub, Jennifer (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1810026">"DNA taxonomy of a neglected animal phylum: An unexpected diversity of tardigrades"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>271</b> (Suppl 4): S189–92. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2003.0130">10.1098/rsbl.2003.0130</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4142714">4142714</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1810026">1810026</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15252980">15252980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=DNA+taxonomy+of+a+neglected+animal+phylum%3A+An+unexpected+diversity+of+tardigrades&amp;rft.volume=271&amp;rft.issue=Suppl+4&amp;rft.pages=S189-92&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1810026%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15252980&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4142714%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2003.0130&amp;rft.aulast=Blaxter&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;rft.au=Elsworth%2C+Ben&amp;rft.au=Daub%2C+Jennifer&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1810026&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-EotI-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EotI_86-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EotI_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGrimaldiEngel2005" class="citation book cs1">Grimaldi, David A.; Engel, Michael S. (2005). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutioninsects00grim_110"><i>Evolution of the Insects</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. pp.&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutioninsects00grim_110/page/n110">96</a>–97. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82149-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82149-0"><bdi>978-0-521-82149-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Evolution+of+the+Insects&amp;rft.pages=96-97&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-82149-0&amp;rft.aulast=Grimaldi&amp;rft.aufirst=David+A.&amp;rft.au=Engel%2C+Michael+S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutioninsects00grim_110&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Budd2001-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Budd2001_87-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBudd2001" class="citation journal cs1">Budd, Graham E (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223465290">"Tardigrades as 'Stem-Group Arthropods': The Evidence from the Cambrian Fauna"</a>. <i>Zoologischer Anzeiger</i>. <b>240</b> (3–4): 265–79. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1078%2F0044-5231-00034">10.1078/0044-5231-00034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Zoologischer+Anzeiger&amp;rft.atitle=Tardigrades+as+%27Stem-Group+Arthropods%27%3A+The+Evidence+from+the+Cambrian+Fauna&amp;rft.volume=240&amp;rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&amp;rft.pages=265-79&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1078%2F0044-5231-00034&amp;rft.aulast=Budd&amp;rft.aufirst=Graham+E&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F223465290&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-LS-20211005-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LS-20211005_88-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLanese2021" class="citation news cs1">Lanese, Nicoletta (5 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/new-tardigrade-species-found-in-amber">"Tardigrade trapped in amber is a never-before-seen species"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Science" title="Live Science">Live Science</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Live+Science&amp;rft.atitle=Tardigrade+trapped+in+amber+is+a+never-before-seen+species&amp;rft.date=2021-10-05&amp;rft.aulast=Lanese&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicoletta&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2Fnew-tardigrade-species-found-in-amber&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fiona Macdonald (7 December 2015). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencealert.com/new-research-casts-doubt-on-the-claim-that-tardigrades-get-one-sixth-of-dna-from-other-species">New Research Casts Doubt on The Claim That Tardigrades Get 1/6 of DNA From Other Species</a>". <i>ScienceAlert</i>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMínguez-ToralCuevas-ZuviríaGarrido-ArandiaPacios2020" class="citation journal cs1">Mínguez-Toral, Marina; Cuevas-Zuviría, Bruno; Garrido-Arandia, María; Pacios, Luis F. (December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7414916">"A computational structural study on the DNA-protecting role of the tardigrade-unique Dsup protein"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 13424. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatSR..1013424M">2020NatSR..1013424M</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-020-70431-1">10.1038/s41598-020-70431-1</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7414916">7414916</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32770133">32770133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&amp;rft.atitle=A+computational+structural+study+on+the+DNA-protecting+role+of+the+tardigrade-unique+Dsup+protein&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=13424&amp;rft.date=2020-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7414916%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatSR..1013424M&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32770133&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-020-70431-1&amp;rft.issn=2045-2322&amp;rft.aulast=M%C3%ADnguez-Toral&amp;rft.aufirst=Marina&amp;rft.au=Cuevas-Zuvir%C3%ADa%2C+Bruno&amp;rft.au=Garrido-Arandia%2C+Mar%C3%ADa&amp;rft.au=Pacios%2C+Luis+F.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7414916&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBlum2019" class="citation book cs1">Blum, Hester (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia803005.us.archive.org/13/items/newsatendsofeart00blum/newsatendsofeart00blum.pdf"><i>The News at the Ends of the Earth: The Print Culture of Polar Exploration</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p.&nbsp;170. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781478004486" title="Special:BookSources/9781478004486"><bdi>9781478004486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+News+at+the+Ends+of+the+Earth%3A+The+Print+Culture+of+Polar+Exploration&amp;rft.pages=170&amp;rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft.isbn=9781478004486&amp;rft.aulast=Blum&amp;rft.aufirst=Hester&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fia803005.us.archive.org%2F13%2Fitems%2Fnewsatendsofeart00blum%2Fnewsatendsofeart00blum.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKing2018" class="citation news cs1">King, Darryn (6 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/06/movies/antman-and-the-wasp-science.html">"The Science (and the Scientists) Behind 'Ant-Man'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=The+Science+%28and+the+Scientists%29+Behind+%27Ant-Man%27&amp;rft.date=2018-07-06&amp;rft.aulast=King&amp;rft.aufirst=Darryn&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F07%2F06%2Fmovies%2Fantman-and-the-wasp-science.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSalzberg" class="citation web cs1">Salzberg, Steven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevensalzberg/2017/10/30/new-star-trek-series-makes-massive-science-blunder/#47c2d5631b37">"New 'Star Trek' Series Makes Massive Science Blunder"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Forbes&amp;rft.atitle=New+%27Star+Trek%27+Series+Makes+Massive+Science+Blunder&amp;rft.aulast=Salzberg&amp;rft.aufirst=Steven&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fstevensalzberg%2F2017%2F10%2F30%2Fnew-star-trek-series-makes-massive-science-blunder%2F%2347c2d5631b37&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPlacido" class="citation web cs1">Placido, Dani Di. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/danidiplacido/2017/11/16/south-park-review-cartman-creates-a-monster-in-moss-piglets/#4bec978e3dca">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'South Park' Review: Cartman Creates A Monster In 'Moss Piglets'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Forbes&amp;rft.atitle=%27South+Park%27+Review%3A+Cartman+Creates+A+Monster+In+%27Moss+Piglets%27&amp;rft.aulast=Placido&amp;rft.aufirst=Dani+Di&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fdanidiplacido%2F2017%2F11%2F16%2Fsouth-park-review-cartman-creates-a-monster-in-moss-piglets%2F%234bec978e3dca&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com.au/south-park-season-21-episode-8-live-stream-moss-piglets-1561712">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'South Park' season 21 episode 8 live stream: 'Moss Piglets'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 15 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=%27South+Park%27+season+21+episode+8+live+stream%3A+%27Moss+Piglets%27&amp;rft.date=2017-11-15&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com.au%2Fsouth-park-season-21-episode-8-live-stream-moss-piglets-1561712&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNicole_Yang2018" class="citation web cs1">Nicole Yang (22 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/sports/boston-celtics/2018/10/22/kyrie-irving-family-guy">"Kyrie Irving got a credit in the most recent episode of 'Family Guy'. Meet "Vernon The Water Bear."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Boston Globe Media Partners, LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Kyrie+Irving+got+a+credit+in+the+most+recent+episode+of+%27Family+Guy%27.+Meet+%22Vernon+The+Water+Bear.%22&amp;rft.pub=Boston+Globe+Media+Partners%2C+LLC&amp;rft.date=2018-10-22&amp;rft.au=Nicole+Yang&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fsports%2Fboston-celtics%2F2018%2F10%2F22%2Fkyrie-irving-family-guy&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus_Stewart2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Marcus Stewart (21 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gameinformer.com/exclusive/2021/03/31/how-sam-max-this-time-its-virtual-brings-the-comedic-crime-fighting-duo-to-vr">"How Sam &amp; Max: This Time It's Virtual! Brings The Comedic Crime-Fighting Duo To VR"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer" title="Game Informer">Game Informer</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Game+Informer&amp;rft.atitle=How+Sam+%26+Max%3A+This+Time+It%27s+Virtual%21+Brings+The+Comedic+Crime-Fighting+Duo+To+VR&amp;rft.date=2021-03-21&amp;rft.au=Marcus+Stewart&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gameinformer.com%2Fexclusive%2F2021%2F03%2F31%2Fhow-sam-max-this-time-its-virtual-brings-the-comedic-crime-fighting-duo-to-vr&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATardigrade" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardigrade&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Wikispecies-logo.svg_003.webp" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Wikispecies-logo.svg_002.webp 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Wikispecies-logo.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103"></span></span></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Tardigrada">Tardigrada</a></b></i>.</div></div>
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<div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Commons-logo.svg_003.webp" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Commons-logo.svg_002.webp 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Commons-logo.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></span></span></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tardigrada" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tardigrada">Tardigrada</a></span>.</div></div>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tardigrada.net/">Tardigrada Register</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320234913/http://www.tardigrada.net/">Archived</a> 2015-03-20 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap130306.html">NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: Tardigrade in Moss (6 March 2013)</a></li></ul>
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.portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Drinking_water_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/25px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Issoria_lathonia.jpg_002.webp" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/32px-Issoria_lathonia.webp 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Issoria_lathonia.jpg.webp 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/21px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/32px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.webp 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg.webp 2x" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="1885"></span></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="Portal:San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cercophonius_squama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Cercophonius_squama_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Cercophonius_squama_003.jpg 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Cercophonius_squama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1974" data-file-height="1606"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Arthropods" title="Portal:Arthropods">Arthropods</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Terra.png_003.webp" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Terra.png_002.webp 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Terra.png.webp 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></span></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tiktaalik_BW_flopped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Tiktaalik_BW_flopped_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Tiktaalik_BW_flopped_003.jpg 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Tiktaalik_BW_flopped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="244"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Paleozoic" title="Portal:Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes_002.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png 1.5x, wikipedia_tardigrades_files/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png.webp 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000"></span></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Paleontology" title="Portal:Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li></ul></div>
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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_Animal_phyla" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);background:rgb(211,211,164)"><button type="button" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0"><span class="mw-collapsible-text">show</span></button><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Animalia" title="Template:Animalia"><abbr title="View this template" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);background:rgb(211,211,164);background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Animalia" title="Template talk:Animalia"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);background:rgb(211,211,164);background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Animalia&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);background:rgb(211,211,164);background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_Animal_phyla" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animal</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phyla</a></div></th></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(235,235,210)"><div><div class="hlist">
<dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">Domain</a></span></dt>
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Archaea_classification" title="Template:Archaea classification">Archaea</a></dd>
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bacteria_classification" title="Template:Bacteria classification">Bacteria</a></dd>
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Eukaryota" title="Template:Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></dd>
<dt><span class="nobold">(Major groups</span></dt>
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a>
<dl><dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plant</a></dd>
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Stramenopile" title="Template:Stramenopile">Stramenopiles</a></dd>
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Alveolata" title="Template:Alveolata">Alveolata</a></dd>
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Rhizaria" title="Template:Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></dd></dl></dd>
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a>
<dl><dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Amoebozoa" title="Template:Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></dd>
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Opisthokont_protists" title="Template:Opisthokont protists">Opisthokonta</a>
<dl><dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Animalia" title="Template:Animalia">Animal</a></dd>
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Fungi_classification" title="Template:Fungi classification">Fungi</a>)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl>
</div></div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Animalia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:rgb(245,245,232);width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge"><b>Porifera (sponges)</b></a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora (comb jellies)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ParaHoxozoa" title="ParaHoxozoa">ParaHoxozoa</a><br>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planulozoa" title="Planulozoa">Planulozoa</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa (<i>Trichoplax</i> and relatives)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria"><b>Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)</b></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a> (Triploblasts)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>(see below↓)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(245,245,232)"><div>
<dl><dt><span class="nobold">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogeny</a> of the animal root <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal#Internal_phylogeny" title="Animal">is disputed</a>; see also</span></dt>
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eumetazoa" title="Eumetazoa">Eumetazoa</a></dd>
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benthozoa" title="Benthozoa">Benthozoa</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup mw-made-collapsible" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(235,235,210)"><button type="button" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default" aria-expanded="true" tabindex="0"><span class="mw-collapsible-text">hide</span></button><div id="Bilateria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bilateria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:rgb(245,245,232);width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -24px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)</a></li>
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata (chordates)</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulacraria" title="Ambulacraria">Ambulacraria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm"><b>Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)</b></a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Protostomia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -35px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">Protostomia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -30px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Scalidophora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalidophora" title="Scalidophora">Scalidophora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">Priapulida (penis worms)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">N+L+P</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nematoida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematoida" title="Nematoida">Nematoida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode"><b>Nematoda (roundworms)</b></a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="L+P" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">L+P</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loricifera" title="Loricifera">Loricifera (corset animals)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panarthropoda" title="Panarthropoda">Panarthropoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora (velvet worms)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactopoda" title="Tactopoda">Tactopoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod"><b>Arthropoda (arthropods)</b></a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b>Tardigrada (waterbears)</b></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -20px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiralia" title="Spiralia">Spiralia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gnathifera" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathifera_(clade)" title="Gnathifera (clade)">Gnathifera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha">Chaetognatha (arrow worms)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomulid" title="Gnathostomulid">Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">M+S</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnognathia" title="Limnognathia">Micrognathozoa <i>(Limnognathia)</i></a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndermata" title="Syndermata">Syndermata</a>
<ul><li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotifer" title="Rotifer">Rotifera (wheel animals)</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)</a></b></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -41px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platytrochozoa" title="Platytrochozoa">Platytrochozoa</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="R+M" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">R+M</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouphozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouphozoa">Rouphozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm"><b>Platyhelminthes (flatworms)</b></a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrotrich" title="Gastrotrich">Gastrotricha (hairybacks)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoa" title="Mesozoa">Mesozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthonectida" title="Orthonectida">Orthonectida</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicyemida" title="Dicyemida">Dicyemida or Rhombozoa</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoblastozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoblastozoa">Monoblastozoa (<i>Salinella</i>)</a>†</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -44px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophotrochozoa" title="Lophotrochozoa">Lophotrochozoa</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbion" title="Symbion">Cycliophora (<i>Symbion</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid"><b>Annelida (segmented worms)</b></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">M+K</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca"><b>Mollusca (molluscs)</b></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryptotrochozoa" title="Kryptotrochozoa">Kryptotrochozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea"><b>Nemertea (ribbon worms)</b></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophophorata" title="Lophophorata">Lophophorata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa s.l.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entoprocta" title="Entoprocta">Entoprocta or Kamptozoa</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa"><b>Ectoprocta (moss animals)</b></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachiozoa" title="Brachiozoa">Brachiozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">Brachiopoda (lamp shells)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoronid" title="Phoronid">Phoronida (horseshoe worms)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(245,245,232)"><div>
<dl><dt><span class="nobold">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogeny</a> of Bilateria <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateria#Phylogeny" title="Bilateria">is disputed</a>; see also</span></dt>
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrozoa" title="Nephrozoa">Nephrozoa</a></dd>
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterostome" title="Deuterostome">Deuterostomia</a></dd>
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenambulacraria" title="Xenambulacraria">Xenambulacraria</a></dd>
<dd><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centroneuralia" title="Centroneuralia">Centroneuralia</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><hr></div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Major_groupswithin_phyla" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #f0f0f0;">Major groups<br>within phyla</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">Sponges</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demosponge" title="Demosponge">Demosponges</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexactinellid" title="Hexactinellid">Glass sponges</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcareous_sponge" title="Calcareous sponge">Calcareous sponges</a></li></ul></li>
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidarians</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthozoa" title="Anthozoa">Anthozoans inc. corals</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medusozoa" title="Medusozoa">Medusozoans inc. jellyfish</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxozoa" title="Myxozoa">Myxozoans</a></li></ul></li>
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordates</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalochordate" title="Cephalochordate">Lancelets</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunicate" title="Tunicate">Tunicates</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrates</a></li></ul></li>
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderms</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crinozoa" title="Crinozoa">Sea lilies</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterozoa" title="Asterozoa">Asterozoans inc. starfish</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinozoa" title="Echinozoa">Echinozoans inc. sea urchins</a></li></ul></li>
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordates</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn_worm" title="Acorn worm">Acorn worms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterobranchia" title="Pterobranchia">Pterobranchs</a></li></ul></li>
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">Nematodes</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromadorea" title="Chromadorea">Chromadorea</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoplea" title="Enoplea">Enoplea</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secernentea" title="Secernentea">Secernentea</a></li></ul></li>
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropods</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelicerata" title="Chelicerata">Chelicerates inc. arachnids</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myriapoda" title="Myriapoda">Myriapods</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustaceans</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">Hexapods inc. insects</a></li></ul></li>
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">Platyhelminths</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbellaria" title="Turbellaria">Turbellaria</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trematoda" title="Trematoda">Trematoda</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogenea" title="Monogenea">Monogenea</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cestoda" title="Cestoda">Cestoda</a></li></ul></li>
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Ectoproctans</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylactolaemata" title="Phylactolaemata">Phylactolaemata</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenolaemata" title="Stenolaemata">Stenolaemata</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnolaemata" title="Gymnolaemata">Gymnolaemata</a></li></ul></li>
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">Annelids</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychaete" title="Polychaete">Polychaetes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitellata" title="Clitellata">Clitellata</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipuncula" title="Sipuncula">Sipuncula</a></li></ul></li>
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Molluscs</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">Gastropods</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">Cephalopods</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">Bivalves</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">Chitons</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusk_shell" title="Tusk shell">Tusk shells</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(235,235,210)"><div>
<dl><dd>Phyla with ≥1000 extant species <b>bolded</b></dd>
<dd>Potentially <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubious_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubious species">dubious phyla</a> †</dd></dl>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extremophiles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><button type="button" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0"><span class="mw-collapsible-text">show</span></button><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Extremophiles" title="Template:Extremophiles"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Extremophiles" title="Template talk:Extremophiles"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Extremophiles&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extremophiles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">Extremophiles</a></div></th></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidophile" title="Acidophile">Acidophile</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaliphile" title="Alkaliphile">Alkaliphile</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capnophile" title="Capnophile">Capnophile</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endolith" title="Endolith">Endolith</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halophile" title="Halophile">Halophile</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypolith" title="Hypolith">Hypolith</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipophilic_bacteria" title="Lipophilic bacteria">Lipophile</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithoautotroph" title="Lithoautotroph">Lithoautotroph</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithophile" title="Lithophile">Lithophile</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanogen" title="Methanogen">Methanogen</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallotolerant" title="Metallotolerant">Metallotolerant</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligotroph" title="Oligotroph">Oligotroph</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmophile" title="Osmophile">Osmophile</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezophile" title="Piezophile">Piezophile</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyextremophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyextremophile">Polyextremophile</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psammophile" title="Psammophile">Psammophile</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychrophile" title="Psychrophile">Psychrophile</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioresistance" title="Radioresistance">Radioresistant</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermophile" title="Thermophile">Thermophile</a>&nbsp;/ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthermophile" title="Hyperthermophile">Hyperthermophile</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoacidophile" title="Thermoacidophile">Thermoacidophile</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerophile" title="Xerophile">Xerophile</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;">Notable<br>extremophiles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroflexus_aurantiacus" title="Chloroflexus aurantiacus">Chloroflexus aurantiacus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans" title="Deinococcus radiodurans">Deinococcus radiodurans</a></i></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinococcota" title="Deinococcota">Deinococcota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snottite" title="Snottite">Snottite</a></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermus_aquaticus" title="Thermus aquaticus">Thermus aquaticus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermus_thermophilus" title="Thermus thermophilus">Thermus thermophilus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirochaeta_americana" title="Spirochaeta americana">Spirochaeta americana</a></i></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GFAJ-1" title="GFAJ-1">GFAJ-1</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrococcus_furiosus" title="Pyrococcus furiosus">Pyrococcus furiosus</a></i></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_121" title="Strain 121">Strain 121</a></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolobus_fumarii" title="Pyrolobus fumarii">Pyrolobus fumarii</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermococcus_gammatolerans" title="Thermococcus gammatolerans">Thermococcus gammatolerans</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanidioschyzon_merolae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanidioschyzon merolae">Cyanidioschyzon merolae</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galdieria_sulphuraria" title="Galdieria sulphuraria">Galdieria sulphuraria</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralvinella_sulfincola" title="Paralvinella sulfincola">Paralvinella sulfincola</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halicephalobus_mephisto" title="Halicephalobus mephisto">Halicephalobus mephisto</a></i></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvinella_pompejana" title="Alvinella pompejana">Pompeii worm</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiogenic_petroleum_origin" title="Abiogenic petroleum origin">Abiogenic petroleum origin</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidithiobacillales" title="Acidithiobacillales">Acidithiobacillales</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidobacteriota" title="Acidobacteriota">Acidobacteriota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidophiles_in_acid_mine_drainage" title="Acidophiles in acid mine drainage">Acidophiles in acid mine drainage</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeoglobaceae" title="Archaeoglobaceae">Archaeoglobaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Pit" title="Berkeley Pit">Berkeley Pit</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Falls" title="Blood Falls">Blood Falls</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoproteota" title="Thermoproteota">Thermoproteota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grylloblattidae" title="Grylloblattidae">Grylloblattidae</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Halobacteria">Halobacteria</a></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halobacterium" title="Halobacterium">Halobacterium</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helaeomyia_petrolei" title="Helaeomyia petrolei">Helaeomyia petrolei</a></i></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanopyrus" title="Methanopyrus">Methanopyrus</a></i></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movile_Cave" title="Movile Cave">Movile Cave</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotrophic_fungus" title="Radiotrophic fungus">Radiotrophic fungus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(river)" title="Rio Tinto (river)">Rio Tinto</a></li>
<li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tardigrada</a></i></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taq_polymerase" title="Taq polymerase"><i>Taq</i> polymerase</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostability" title="Thermostability">Thermostability</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermotogota" title="Thermotogota">Thermotogota</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_life_phyla/divisions_by_domain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><button type="button" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0"><span class="mw-collapsible-text">show</span></button><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Life_on_Earth" title="Template:Life on Earth"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Life_on_Earth" title="Template talk:Life on Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Life_on_Earth&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_life_phyla/divisions_by_domain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> phyla/divisions by domain</div></th></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bacteria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidobacteriota" title="Acidobacteriota">Acidobacteriota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinomycetota" title="Actinomycetota">Actinomycetota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquificota" title="Aquificota">Aquificota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armatimonadota" title="Armatimonadota">Armatimonadota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atribacterota" title="Atribacterota">Atribacterota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillota" title="Bacillota">Bacillota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidota" title="Bacteroidota">Bacteroidota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balneolota" class="mw-redirect" title="Balneolota">Balneolota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bdellovibrionota" title="Bdellovibrionota">Bdellovibrionota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldisericota" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldisericota">Caldisericota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calditrichota" class="mw-redirect" title="Calditrichota">Calditrichota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacterota" title="Campylobacterota">Campylobacterota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydiota" title="Chlamydiota">Chlamydiota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_sulfur_bacteria" title="Green sulfur bacteria">Chlorobiota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroflexota" title="Chloroflexota">Chloroflexota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysiogenota" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysiogenota">Chrysiogenota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprothermobacterota" title="Coprothermobacterota">Coprothermobacterota</a></li>
<li>"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a>"</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deferribacteraceae" title="Deferribacteraceae">Deferribacterota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinococcota" title="Deinococcota">Deinococcota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictyoglomus_thermophilum" title="Dictyoglomus thermophilum">Dictyoglomota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elusimicrobiota" title="Elusimicrobiota">Elusimicrobiota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrobacterota" title="Fibrobacterota">Fibrobacterota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusobacteriota" title="Fusobacteriota">Fusobacteriota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemmatimonadota" title="Gemmatimonadota">Gemmatimonadota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignavibacteriota" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignavibacteriota">Ignavibacteriota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiritimatiellota" title="Kiritimatiellota">Kiritimatiellota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentisphaerota" title="Lentisphaerota">Lentisphaerota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasmatota" title="Mycoplasmatota">Mycoplasmatota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxococcota" title="Myxococcota">Myxococcota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrospinota" title="Nitrospinota">Nitrospinota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrospirota" title="Nitrospirota">Nitrospirota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planctomycetota" title="Planctomycetota">Planctomycetota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonadota" title="Pseudomonadota">Pseudomonadota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodothermota" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodothermota">Rhodothermota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirochaetota" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochaetota">Spirochaetota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergistota" title="Synergistota">Synergistota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodesulfobacteriota" title="Thermodesulfobacteriota">Thermodesulfobacteriota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermomicrobiota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermomicrobiota">Thermomicrobiota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermotogota" title="Thermotogota">Thermotogota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrucomicrobiota" title="Verrucomicrobiota">Verrucomicrobiota</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Archaea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euryarchaeota" title="Euryarchaeota">Euryarchaeota</a>"</li>
<li>"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korarchaeota" title="Korarchaeota">Korarchaeota</a>"</li>
<li>"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoarchaeota" title="Nanoarchaeota">Nanoarchaeota</a>"</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrososphaerota" title="Nitrososphaerota">Nitrososphaerota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoproteota" title="Thermoproteota">Thermoproteota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeal_Richmond_Mine_acidophilic_nanoorganisms" title="Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms">Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryote</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protist</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancyromonadida" title="Ancyromonadida">Ancyromonadida</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apusomonadida" title="Apusomonadida">Apusomonadida</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breviatea" title="Breviatea">Breviatea</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRuMs" title="CRuMs">CRuMs</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptista" title="Cryptista">Cryptista</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciliophora">Ciliophora</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercozoa" title="Cercozoa">Cercozoa</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Discoba">Discoba</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euglenozoa" title="Euglenozoa">Euglenozoa</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobea" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakobea">Jakobea</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptista" title="Haptista">Haptista</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemimastigophora" title="Hemimastigophora">Hemimastigophora</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawimonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawimonada">Malawimonada</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamonada">Metamonada</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provora" title="Provora">Provora</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stramenopiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Stramenopiles">Stramenopiles</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telonemia" title="Telonemia">Telonemia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chytridiomycota" title="Chytridiomycota">Chytridiomycota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocladiomycota" title="Blastocladiomycota">Blastocladiomycota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocallimastigomycota" title="Neocallimastigomycota">Neocallimastigomycota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomeromycota" title="Glomeromycota">Glomeromycota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomycota" title="Zygomycota">Zygomycota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucophyta">Glaucophyta</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charophyta" title="Charophyta">Charophyta</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthocerotophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthocerotophyta">Anthocerotophyta</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Moss</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycopodiophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopodiophyta">Lycopodiophyta</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteridophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteridophyta">Pteridophyta</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycadophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycadophyta">Cycadophyta</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginkgophyta">Ginkgophyta</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">Pinophyta</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetophyta</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Flowering plant</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">Sponge</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordate</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordate</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderm</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha">Chaetognatha</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loricifera" title="Loricifera">Loricifera</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">Priapulida</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">Nematoda</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tardigrada</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">Flatworm</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrotricha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrotricha">Gastrotricha</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthonectida" title="Orthonectida">Orthonectida</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicyemida" title="Dicyemida">Dicyemida</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotifera">Rotifera</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomulida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathostomulida">Gnathostomulida</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrognathozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrognathozoa">Micrognathozoa</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycliophora">Cycliophora</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea">Nemertea</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoronid" title="Phoronid">Phoronid</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entoprocta" title="Entoprocta">Entoprocta</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachiopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachiopoda">Brachiopoda</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">Annelida</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parakaryon_myojinensis" title="Parakaryon myojinensis">Parakaryon</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Taxon_identifiers" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5194" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q5194">Q5194</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tardigrada" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Tardigrada">Tardigrada</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tardigrada/">Tardigrada</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Tardigrada">Tardigrada</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id14953">14953</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=26033">26033</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/3204">3204</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:12674">12674</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/8c150ca8-bdea-4a13-b407-1d8f87842525">8c150ca8-bdea-4a13-b407-1d8f87842525</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossilworks" title="Fossilworks">Fossilworks</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&amp;taxon_no=272408">272408</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/14">14</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/124337">124337</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=204">204</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&amp;search_value=155166">155166</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&amp;id=42241">42241</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/29477c0f-12f9-443a-9589-1127f5f4bbda">29477c0f-12f9-443a-9589-1127f5f4bbda</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">uBio: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=230453">230453</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=1276">1276</a></span></span></li></ul>
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<ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tardígrados"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&amp;authority_id=XX531312">Spain</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tardigrades"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122470458">France</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tardigrades"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122470458">BnF data</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4143904-1">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007560956005171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85132477">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564919">Japan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="želvušky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph448247&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul>
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