mapnik/plugins/input/pgraster/pgraster_datasource.cpp

/*****************************************************************************
 *
 * This file is part of Mapnik (c++ mapping toolkit)
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2014 Artem Pavlenko
 *
 * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
 * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
 * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
 * Lesser General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
 * License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
 *
 *****************************************************************************
 *
 * Initially developed by Sandro Santilli <strk@keybit.net> for CartoDB
 *
 *****************************************************************************/

#include "../postgis/connection_manager.hpp"
#include "../postgis/asyncresultset.hpp"
#include "pgraster_datasource.hpp"
#include "pgraster_featureset.hpp"

// mapnik
#include <mapnik/debug.hpp>
#include <mapnik/global.hpp> // for byte
#include <mapnik/boolean.hpp>
#include <mapnik/sql_utils.hpp>
#include <mapnik/util/conversions.hpp>
#include <mapnik/timer.hpp>
#include <mapnik/value_types.hpp>

// boost
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-parameter"
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-local-typedef"
#include <boost/algorithm/string.hpp>
#include <boost/tokenizer.hpp>
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop

// stl
#include <string>
#include <algorithm>
#include <set>
#include <sstream>
#include <iomanip>

DATASOURCE_PLUGIN(pgraster_datasource)

const double pgraster_datasource::FMAX = std::numeric_limits<float>::max();
const std::string pgraster_datasource::RASTER_COLUMNS = "raster_columns";
const std::string pgraster_datasource::RASTER_OVERVIEWS = "raster_overviews";
const std::string pgraster_datasource::SPATIAL_REF_SYS = "spatial_ref_system";

using std::shared_ptr;
using mapnik::attribute_descriptor;
using mapnik::value_integer;

namespace {

  // TODO: move to sql_utils
  std::string quote_ident(std::string& s) {
    return "\"" + s + "\""; // TODO: escape internal quotes
  }

};

pgraster_datasource::pgraster_datasource(parameters const& params)
    : datasource(params),
      table_(*params.get<std::string>("table", "")),
      schema_(""),
      raster_table_(*params.get<std::string>("raster_table", "")),
      raster_field_(*params.get<std::string>("raster_field", "")),
      key_field_(*params.get<std::string>("key_field", "")),
      cursor_fetch_size_(*params.get<mapnik::value_integer>("cursor_size", 0)),
      row_limit_(*params.get<value_integer>("row_limit", 0)),
      type_(datasource::Raster),
      srid_(*params.get<value_integer>("srid", 0)),
      band_(*params.get<value_integer>("band", 0)),
      extent_initialized_(false),
      prescale_rasters_(*params.get<mapnik::boolean_type>("prescale_rasters", false)),
      use_overviews_(*params.get<mapnik::boolean_type>("use_overviews", false)),
      clip_rasters_(*params.get<mapnik::boolean_type>("clip_rasters", false)),
      desc_(*params.get<std::string>("type"), "utf-8"),
      creator_(params.get<std::string>("host"),
             params.get<std::string>("port"),
             params.get<std::string>("dbname"),
             params.get<std::string>("user"),
             params.get<std::string>("password"),
             params.get<std::string>("connect_timeout", "4")),
      bbox_token_("!bbox!"),
      scale_denom_token_("!scale_denominator!"),
      pixel_width_token_("!pixel_width!"),
      pixel_height_token_("!pixel_height!"),
      pool_max_size_(*params_.get<value_integer>("max_size", 10)),
      persist_connection_(*params.get<mapnik::boolean_type>("persist_connection", true)),
      extent_from_subquery_(*params.get<mapnik::boolean_type>("extent_from_subquery", false)),
      estimate_extent_(*params.get<mapnik::boolean_type>("estimate_extent", false)),
      max_async_connections_(*params_.get<value_integer>("max_async_connection", 1)),
      asynchronous_request_(false),
      // params below are for testing purposes only and may be removed at any time
      intersect_min_scale_(*params.get<value_integer>("intersect_min_scale", 0)),
      intersect_max_scale_(*params.get<value_integer>("intersect_max_scale", 0))
{
#ifdef MAPNIK_STATS
    mapnik::progress_timer __stats__(std::clog, "pgraster_datasource::init");
#endif
    if (table_.empty())
    {
        throw mapnik::datasource_exception("Pgraster Plugin: missing <table> parameter");
    }

    boost::optional<std::string> ext = params.get<std::string>("extent");
    if (ext && !ext->empty())
    {
        extent_initialized_ = extent_.from_string(*ext);
    }

    // NOTE: In multithread environment, pool_max_size_ should be
    // max_async_connections_ * num_threads
    if(max_async_connections_ > 1)
    {
        if(max_async_connections_ > pool_max_size_)
        {
            std::ostringstream err;
            err << "PostGIS Plugin: Error: 'max_async_connections ("
                << max_async_connections_ << ") must be <= max_size(" << pool_max_size_ << ")";
            throw mapnik::datasource_exception(err.str());
        }
        asynchronous_request_ = true;
    }

    boost::optional<value_integer> initial_size = params.get<value_integer>("initial_size", 1);
    boost::optional<mapnik::boolean_type> autodetect_key_field = params.get<mapnik::boolean_type>("autodetect_key_field", false);

    ConnectionManager::instance().registerPool(creator_, *initial_size, pool_max_size_);
    CnxPool_ptr pool = ConnectionManager::instance().getPool(creator_.id());
    if (pool)
    {
        shared_ptr<Connection> conn = pool->borrowObject();
        if (!conn) return;

        if (conn->isOK())
        {

            desc_.set_encoding(conn->client_encoding());

            if (raster_table_.empty())
            {
              raster_table_ = mapnik::sql_utils::table_from_sql(table_);
              // non-trivial subqueries (having no FROM) make it
              // impossible to use overviews
              // TODO: improve "table_from_sql" ?
              if ( raster_table_[raster_table_.find_first_not_of(" \t\r\n")] == '(' )
              {
                raster_table_.clear();
                if ( use_overviews_ )
                {
                  std::ostringstream err;
                  err << "Pgraster Plugin: overviews cannot be used "
                         "with non-trivial subqueries";
                  MAPNIK_LOG_WARN(pgraster) << err.str();
                  use_overviews_ = false;
                }
                if ( ! extent_from_subquery_ ) {
                  std::ostringstream err;
                  err << "Pgraster Plugin: extent can only be computed "
                         "from subquery as we could not found table source";
                  MAPNIK_LOG_WARN(pgraster) << err.str();
                  extent_from_subquery_ = true;
                }

              }
            }

            std::string::size_type idx = raster_table_.find_last_of('.');
            if (idx != std::string::npos)
            {
                schema_ = raster_table_.substr(0, idx);
                raster_table_ = raster_table_.substr(idx + 1);
            }

            // If we do not know either the geometry_field or the srid or we
            // want to use overviews but do not know about schema, or
            // no extent was specified, then attempt to fetch the missing
            // information from a raster_columns entry.
            //
            // This will return no records if we are querying a bogus table returned
            // from the simplistic table parsing in table_from_sql() or if
            // the table parameter references a table, view, or subselect not
            // registered in the geometry columns.
            //
            geometryColumn_ = mapnik::sql_utils::unquote_double(raster_field_);
            if (!raster_table_.empty() && (
                  geometryColumn_.empty() || srid_ == 0 ||
                  (schema_.empty() && use_overviews_) ||
                  ! extent_initialized_
               ))
            {
#ifdef MAPNIK_STATS
                mapnik::progress_timer __stats2__(std::clog, "pgraster_datasource::init(get_srid_and_geometry_column)");
#endif
                std::ostringstream s;

                try
                {
                    s << "SELECT r_raster_column col, srid, r_table_schema";
                    if ( ! extent_initialized_ ) {
                      s << ", st_xmin(extent) xmin, st_ymin(extent) ymin"
                        << ", st_xmax(extent) xmax, st_ymax(extent) ymax";
                    }
                    s << " FROM "
                      << RASTER_COLUMNS << " WHERE r_table_name='"
                      << mapnik::sql_utils::unquote_double(raster_table_)
                      << "'";
                    if (! schema_.empty())
                    {
                        s << " AND r_table_schema='"
                          << mapnik::sql_utils::unquote_double(schema_)
                          << "'";
                    }
                    if (! raster_field_.empty())
                    {
                        s << " AND r_raster_column='"
                          << mapnik::sql_utils::unquote_double(raster_field_)
                          << "'";
                    }
                    MAPNIK_LOG_DEBUG(pgraster) <<
                      "pgraster_datasource: running query " << s.str();
                    shared_ptr<ResultSet> rs = conn->executeQuery(s.str());
                    if (rs->next())
                    {
                        geometryColumn_ = rs->getValue("col");
                        if ( ! extent_initialized_ )
                        {
                          double lox, loy, hix, hiy;
                          if (mapnik::util::string2double(rs->getValue("xmin"), lox) &&
                              mapnik::util::string2double(rs->getValue("ymin"), loy) &&
                              mapnik::util::string2double(rs->getValue("xmax"), hix) &&
                              mapnik::util::string2double(rs->getValue("ymax"), hiy))
                          {
                            extent_.init(lox, loy, hix, hiy);
                            extent_initialized_ = true;
                            MAPNIK_LOG_DEBUG(pgraster) << "pgraster_datasource: Layer extent=" << extent_;
                          }
                          else
                          {
                            MAPNIK_LOG_DEBUG(pgraster) << "pgraster_datasource: Could not determine extent from query: " << s.str();
                          }
                        }
                        if (srid_ == 0)
                        {
                            const char* srid_c = rs->getValue("srid");
                            if (srid_c != NULL)
                            {
                                int result = 0;
                                const char * end = srid_c + std::strlen(srid_c);
                                if (mapnik::util::string2int(srid_c, end, result))
                                {
                                    srid_ = result;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        if ( schema_.empty() )
                        {
                            schema_ = rs->getValue("r_table_schema");
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
            MAPNIK_LOG_DEBUG(pgraster) << "pgraster_datasource: no response from metadata query " << s.str();
                    }
                    rs->close();
                }
                catch (mapnik::datasource_exception const& ex) {
                    // let this pass on query error and use the fallback below
                    MAPNIK_LOG_WARN(pgraster) << "pgraster_datasource: metadata query failed: " << ex.what();
                }

                // If we still do not know the srid then we can try to fetch
                // it from the 'table_' parameter, which should work even if it is
                // a subselect as long as we know the geometry_field to query
                if (! geometryColumn_.empty() && srid_ <= 0)
                {
                    s.str("");

                    s << "SELECT ST_SRID(\"" << geometryColumn_ << "\") AS srid FROM "
                      << populate_tokens(table_) << " WHERE \"" << geometryColumn_ << "\" IS NOT NULL LIMIT 1;";

                    shared_ptr<ResultSet> rs = conn->executeQuery(s.str());
                    if (rs->next())
                    {
                        const char* srid_c = rs->getValue("srid");
                        if (srid_c != NULL)
                        {
                            int result = 0;
                            const char * end = srid_c + std::strlen(srid_c);
                            if (mapnik::util::string2int(srid_c, end, result))
                            {
                                srid_ = result;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    rs->close();
                }
            }

            // If overviews were requested, take note of the max scale
            // of each available overview, sorted by scale descending
            if ( use_overviews_ )
            {
                std::ostringstream err;
                if ( schema_.empty() )
                {
                  err << "Pgraster Plugin: unable to lookup available table"
                      << " overviews due to unknown schema";
                  throw mapnik::datasource_exception(err.str());
                }
                if ( geometryColumn_.empty() )
                {
                  err << "Pgraster Plugin: unable to lookup available table"
                      << " overviews due to unknown column name";
                  throw mapnik::datasource_exception(err.str());
                }

                std::ostringstream s;
                s << "select "
                     "r.r_table_schema sch, "
                     "r.r_table_name tab, "
                     "r.r_raster_column col, "
                     "greatest(abs(r.scale_x), abs(r.scale_y)) scl "
                     "from"
                     " raster_overviews o,"
                     " raster_columns r "
                     "where"
                     " o.r_table_schema = '"
                  << mapnik::sql_utils::unquote_double(schema_)
                  << "' and o.r_table_name = '"
                  << mapnik::sql_utils::unquote_double(raster_table_)
                  << "' and o.r_raster_column = '"
                  << mapnik::sql_utils::unquote_double(geometryColumn_)
                  << "' and r.r_table_schema = o.o_table_schema"
                     " and r.r_table_name = o.o_table_name"
                     " and r.r_raster_column = o.o_raster_column"
                     " ORDER BY scl ASC";
                MAPNIK_LOG_DEBUG(pgraster) << "pgraster_datasource: running query " << s.str();
                shared_ptr<ResultSet> rs = conn->executeQuery(s.str());
                while (rs->next())
                {
                  pgraster_overview ov = pgraster_overview();

                  ov.schema = rs->getValue("sch");
                  ov.table = rs->getValue("tab");
                  ov.column = rs->getValue("col");
                  ov.scale = atof(rs->getValue("scl"));

                  if(ov.scale == 0.0f)
                  {
                    MAPNIK_LOG_WARN(pgraster) << "pgraster_datasource: found invalid overview "
                      << ov.schema << "." << ov.table << "." << ov.column << " with scale " << ov.scale;
                    continue;
                  }

                  overviews_.push_back(ov);

                  MAPNIK_LOG_DEBUG(pgraster) << "pgraster_datasource: found overview " << ov.schema << "." << ov.table << "." << ov.column << " with scale " << ov.scale;
                }
                rs->close();
                if ( overviews_.empty() ) {
                  MAPNIK_LOG_DEBUG(pgraster) << "pgraster_datasource: no overview found for " << schema_ << "." << raster_table_ << "." << geometryColumn_;
                }
            }

            // detect primary key
            if (*autodetect_key_field && key_field_.empty())
            {
#ifdef MAPNIK_STATS
                mapnik::progress_timer __stats2__(std::clog, "pgraster_datasource::bind(get_primary_key)");
#endif

                std::ostringstream s;
                s << "SELECT a.attname, a.attnum, t.typname, t.typname in ('int2','int4','int8') "
                    "AS is_int FROM pg_class c, pg_attribute a, pg_type t, pg_namespace n, pg_index i "
                    "WHERE a.attnum > 0 AND a.attrelid = c.oid "
                    "AND a.atttypid = t.oid AND c.relnamespace = n.oid "
                    "AND c.oid = i.indrelid AND i.indisprimary = 't' "
                    "AND t.typname !~ '^geom' AND c.relname ="
                  << " '" << mapnik::sql_utils::unquote_double(raster_table_) << "' "
                    //"AND a.attnum = ANY (i.indkey) " // postgres >= 8.1
                  << "AND (i.indkey[0]=a.attnum OR i.indkey[1]=a.attnum OR i.indkey[2]=a.attnum "
                    "OR i.indkey[3]=a.attnum OR i.indkey[4]=a.attnum OR i.indkey[5]=a.attnum "
                    "OR i.indkey[6]=a.attnum OR i.indkey[7]=a.attnum OR i.indkey[8]=a.attnum "
                    "OR i.indkey[9]=a.attnum) ";
                if (! schema_.empty())
                {
                    s << "AND n.nspname='"
                      << mapnik::sql_utils::unquote_double(schema_)
                      << "' ";
                }
                s << "ORDER BY a.attnum";

                shared_ptr<ResultSet> rs_key = conn->executeQuery(s.str());
                if (rs_key->next())
                {
                    unsigned int result_rows = rs_key->size();
                    if (result_rows == 1)
                    {
                        bool is_int = (std::string(rs_key->getValue(3)) == "t");
                        if (is_int)
                        {
                            const char* key_field_string = rs_key->getValue(0);
                            if (key_field_string)
                            {
                                key_field_ = std::string(key_field_string);

                                MAPNIK_LOG_DEBUG(pgraster) << "pgraster_datasource: auto-detected key field of '"
                                                          << key_field_ << "' on table '" << raster_table_ << "'";
                            }
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            // throw for cases like a numeric primary key, which is invalid
                            // as it should be floating point (int numerics are useless)
                            std::ostringstream err;
                            err << "PostGIS Plugin: Error: '"
                                << rs_key->getValue(0)
                                << "' on table '"
                                << raster_table_
                                << "' is not a valid integer primary key field\n";
                            throw mapnik::datasource_exception(err.str());
                        }
                    }
                    else if (result_rows > 1)
                    {
                        std::ostringstream err;
                        err << "PostGIS Plugin: Error: '"
                            << "multi column primary key detected but is not supported";
                        throw mapnik::datasource_exception(err.str());
                    }
                }
                rs_key->close();
            }

            // if a globally unique key field/primary key is required
            // but still not known at this point, then throw
            if (*autodetect_key_field && key_field_.empty())
            {
                throw mapnik::datasource_exception(std::string("PostGIS Plugin: Error: primary key required")
                                                   + " but could not be detected for table '" +
                                                   raster_table_ + "', please supply 'key_field' option to specify field to use for primary key");
            }

            if (srid_ == 0)
            {
                srid_ = -1;

                MAPNIK_LOG_DEBUG(pgraster) << "pgraster_datasource: Table " << table_ << " is using SRID=" << srid_;
            }

            // At this point the geometry_field may still not be known
            // but we'll catch that where more useful...
            MAPNIK_LOG_DEBUG(pgraster) << "pgraster_datasource: Using SRID=" << srid_;
            MAPNIK_LOG_DEBUG(pgraster) << "pgraster_datasource: Using geometry_column=" << geometryColumn_;

            // collect attribute desc
#ifdef MAPNIK_STATS
            mapnik::progress_timer __stats2__(std::clog, "pgraster_datasource::bind(get_column_description)");
#endif

            std::ostringstream s;
            s << "SELECT * FROM " << populate_tokens(table_) << " LIMIT 0";

            shared_ptr<ResultSet> rs = conn->executeQuery(s.str());
            int count = rs->getNumFields();
            bool found_key_field = false;
            for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i)
            {
                std::string fld_name = rs->getFieldName(i);
                int type_oid = rs->getTypeOID(i);

                // validate type of key_field
                if (! found_key_field && ! key_field_.empty() && fld_name == key_field_)
                {
                    if (type_oid == 20 || type_oid == 21 || type_oid == 23)
                    {
                        found_key_field = true;
                        desc_.add_descriptor(attribute_descriptor(fld_name, mapnik::Integer));
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        std::ostringstream error_s;
                        error_s << "invalid type '";

                        std::ostringstream type_s;
                        type_s << "SELECT oid, typname FROM pg_type WHERE oid = " << type_oid;

                        shared_ptr<ResultSet> rs_oid = conn->executeQuery(type_s.str());
                        if (rs_oid->next())
                        {
                            error_s << rs_oid->getValue("typname")
                                    << "' (oid:" << rs_oid->getValue("oid") << ")";
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            error_s << "oid:" << type_oid << "'";
                        }

                        rs_oid->close();
                        error_s << " for key_field '" << fld_name << "' - "
                                << "must be an integer primary key";

                        rs->close();
                        throw mapnik::datasource_exception(error_s.str());
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    switch (type_oid)
                    {
                    case 16:    // bool
                        desc_.add_descriptor(attribute_descriptor(fld_name, mapnik::Boolean));
                        break;
                    case 20:    // int8
                    case 21:    // int2
                    case 23:    // int4
                        desc_.add_descriptor(attribute_descriptor(fld_name, mapnik::Integer));
                        break;
                    case 700:   // float4
                    case 701:   // float8
                    case 1700:  // numeric
                        desc_.add_descriptor(attribute_descriptor(fld_name, mapnik::Double));
                        break;
                    case 1042:  // bpchar
                    case 1043:  // varchar
                    case 25:    // text
                    case 705:   // literal
                        desc_.add_descriptor(attribute_descriptor(fld_name, mapnik::String));
                        break;
                    default: // should not get here
#ifdef MAPNIK_LOG
                        s.str("");
                        s << "SELECT oid, typname FROM pg_type WHERE oid = " << type_oid;

                        shared_ptr<ResultSet> rs_oid = conn->executeQuery(s.str());
                        if (rs_oid->next())
                        {
                            std::string typname(rs_oid->getValue("typname"));
                            if (typname != "geometry" && typname != "raster")
                            {
                                MAPNIK_LOG_WARN(pgraster) << "pgraster_datasource: Unknown type=" << typname
                                                         << " (oid:" << rs_oid->getValue("oid") << ")";
                            }
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            MAPNIK_LOG_WARN(pgraster) << "pgraster_datasource: Unknown type_oid=" << type_oid;
                        }
                        rs_oid->close();
#endif
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }

            rs->close();

        }

        // Close explicitly the connection so we can 'fork()' without sharing open connections
        conn->close();

    }
}

pgraster_datasource::~pgraster_datasource()
{
    if (! persist_connection_)
    {
        CnxPool_ptr pool = ConnectionManager::instance().getPool(creator_.id());
        if (pool)
        {
            try {
              shared_ptr<Connection> conn = pool->borrowObject();
              if (conn)
              {
                  conn->close();
              }
            } catch (mapnik::datasource_exception const& ex) {
              // happens when borrowObject tries to
              // create a new connection and fails.
              // In turn, new connection would be needed
              // when our broke and was thus no good to
              // be borrowed
              // See https://github.com/mapnik/mapnik/issues/2191
            }
        }
    }
}

const char * pgraster_datasource::name()
{
    return "pgraster";
}

mapnik::datasource::datasource_t pgraster_datasource::type() const
{
    return type_;
}

layer_descriptor pgraster_datasource::get_descriptor() const
{
    return desc_;
}

std::string pgraster_datasource::sql_bbox(box2d<double> const& env) const
{
    std::ostringstream b;

    if (srid_ > 0)
    {
        b << "ST_SetSRID(";
    }

    b << "'BOX3D(";
    b << std::setprecision(16);
    b << env.minx() << " " << env.miny() << ",";
    b << env.maxx() << " " << env.maxy() << ")'::box3d";

    if (srid_ > 0)
    {
        b << ", " << srid_ << ")";
    }

    return b.str();
}

std::string pgraster_datasource::populate_tokens(std::string const& sql) const
{
    std::string populated_sql = sql;

    if (boost::algorithm::icontains(sql, bbox_token_))
    {
        box2d<double> max_env(-1.0 * FMAX, -1.0 * FMAX, FMAX, FMAX);
        const std::string max_box = sql_bbox(max_env);
        boost::algorithm::replace_all(populated_sql, bbox_token_, max_box);
    }

    if (boost::algorithm::icontains(sql, scale_denom_token_))
    {
        std::ostringstream ss;
        ss << FMAX;
        boost::algorithm::replace_all(populated_sql, scale_denom_token_, ss.str());
    }

    if (boost::algorithm::icontains(sql, pixel_width_token_))
    {
        std::ostringstream ss;
        ss << 0;
        boost::algorithm::replace_all(populated_sql, pixel_width_token_, ss.str());
    }

    if (boost::algorithm::icontains(sql, pixel_height_token_))
    {
        std::ostringstream ss;
        ss << 0;
        boost::algorithm::replace_all(populated_sql, pixel_height_token_, ss.str());
    }

    return populated_sql;
}

std::string pgraster_datasource::populate_tokens(std::string const& sql, double scale_denom, box2d<double> const& env, double pixel_width, double pixel_height) const
{
    std::string populated_sql = sql;
    std::string box = sql_bbox(env);

    if (boost::algorithm::icontains(populated_sql, scale_denom_token_))
    {
        std::ostringstream ss;
        ss << scale_denom;
        boost::algorithm::replace_all(populated_sql, scale_denom_token_, ss.str());
    }

    if (boost::algorithm::icontains(sql, pixel_width_token_))
    {
        std::ostringstream ss;
        ss << pixel_width;
        boost::algorithm::replace_all(populated_sql, pixel_width_token_, ss.str());
    }

    if (boost::algorithm::icontains(sql, pixel_height_token_))
    {
        std::ostringstream ss;
        ss << pixel_height;
        boost::algorithm::replace_all(populated_sql, pixel_height_token_, ss.str());
    }

    if (boost::algorithm::icontains(populated_sql, bbox_token_))
    {
        boost::algorithm::replace_all(populated_sql, bbox_token_, box);
        return populated_sql;
    }
    else
    {
        std::ostringstream s;

        if (intersect_min_scale_ > 0 && (scale_denom <= intersect_min_scale_))
        {
            s << " WHERE ST_Intersects(\"" << geometryColumn_ << "\"," << box << ")";
        }
        else if (intersect_max_scale_ > 0 && (scale_denom >= intersect_max_scale_))
        {
            // do no bbox restriction
        }
        else
        {
            s << " WHERE \"" << geometryColumn_ << "\" && " << box;
        }

        return populated_sql + s.str();
    }
}


std::shared_ptr<IResultSet> pgraster_datasource::get_resultset(std::shared_ptr<Connection> &conn, std::string const& sql, CnxPool_ptr const& pool, processor_context_ptr ctx) const
{

    if (!ctx)
    {
        // ! asynchronous_request_
        if (cursor_fetch_size_ > 0)
        {
            // cursor
            std::ostringstream csql;
            std::string cursor_name = conn->new_cursor_name();

            csql << "DECLARE " << cursor_name << " BINARY INSENSITIVE NO SCROLL CURSOR WITH HOLD FOR " << sql << " FOR READ ONLY";

            if (! conn->execute(csql.str()))
            {
                // TODO - better error
                throw mapnik::datasource_exception("Pgraster Plugin: error creating cursor for data select." );
            }

            return std::make_shared<CursorResultSet>(conn, cursor_name, cursor_fetch_size_);

        }
        else
        {
            // no cursor
            return conn->executeQuery(sql, 1);
        }
    }
    else
    {   // asynchronous requests

        std::shared_ptr<postgis_processor_context> pgis_ctxt = std::static_pointer_cast<postgis_processor_context>(ctx);
        if (conn)
        {
            // lauch async req & create asyncresult with conn
            conn->executeAsyncQuery(sql, 1);
            return std::make_shared<AsyncResultSet>(pgis_ctxt, pool, conn, sql);
        }
        else
        {
            // create asyncresult  with  null connection
            std::shared_ptr<AsyncResultSet> res = std::make_shared<AsyncResultSet>(pgis_ctxt, pool,  conn, sql);
            pgis_ctxt->add_request(res);
            return res;
        }
    }
}

processor_context_ptr pgraster_datasource::get_context(feature_style_context_map & ctx) const
{
    if (!asynchronous_request_)
    {
        return processor_context_ptr();
    }

    std::string ds_name(name());
    feature_style_context_map::const_iterator itr = ctx.find(ds_name);
    if (itr != ctx.end())
    {
        return itr->second;
    }
    else
    {
        return ctx.insert(std::make_pair(ds_name,std::make_shared<postgis_processor_context>())).first->second;
    }
}

featureset_ptr pgraster_datasource::features(query const& q) const
{
    // if the driver is in asynchronous mode, return the appropriate fetaures
    if (asynchronous_request_ )
    {
        return features_with_context(q,std::make_shared<postgis_processor_context>());
    }
    else
    {
        return features_with_context(q,processor_context_ptr());
    }
}

featureset_ptr pgraster_datasource::features_with_context(query const& q,processor_context_ptr proc_ctx) const
{

#ifdef MAPNIK_STATS
    mapnik::progress_timer __stats__(std::clog, "pgraster_datasource::features_with_context");
#endif


    box2d<double> const& box = q.get_bbox();
    double scale_denom = q.scale_denominator();

    CnxPool_ptr pool = ConnectionManager::instance().getPool(creator_.id());

    if (pool)
    {
        shared_ptr<Connection> conn;

        if ( asynchronous_request_ )
        {
            // limit use to num_async_request_ => if reached don't borrow the last connexion object
            std::shared_ptr<postgis_processor_context> pgis_ctxt = std::static_pointer_cast<postgis_processor_context>(proc_ctx);
            if ( pgis_ctxt->num_async_requests_ < max_async_connections_ )
            {
                conn = pool->borrowObject();
                pgis_ctxt->num_async_requests_++;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            // Always get a connection in synchronous mode
            conn = pool->borrowObject();
            if(!conn )
            {
                throw mapnik::datasource_exception("Pgraster Plugin: Null connection");
            }
        }


        if (geometryColumn_.empty())
        {
            std::ostringstream s_error;
            s_error << "PostGIS: geometry name lookup failed for table '";

            if (! schema_.empty())
            {
                s_error << schema_ << ".";
            }
            s_error << raster_table_
                    << "'. Please manually provide the 'geometry_field' parameter or add an entry "
                    << "in the geometry_columns for '";

            if (! schema_.empty())
            {
                s_error << schema_ << ".";
            }
            s_error << raster_table_ << "'.";

            throw mapnik::datasource_exception(s_error.str());
        }

        const double px_gw = 1.0 / std::get<0>(q.resolution());
        const double px_gh = 1.0 / std::get<1>(q.resolution());

        MAPNIK_LOG_DEBUG(pgraster) << "pgraster_datasource: px_gw=" << px_gw
                                   << " px_gh=" << px_gh;

        std::string table_with_bbox;
        std::string col = geometryColumn_;

        if ( use_overviews_ ) {
          std::string sch = schema_;
          std::string tab = mapnik::sql_utils::unquote_double(raster_table_);
          const double scale = std::min(px_gw, px_gh);
          std::vector<pgraster_overview>::const_reverse_iterator i;
          for (i=overviews_.rbegin(); i!=overviews_.rend(); ++i) {
            const pgraster_overview& o = *i;
            if ( o.scale < scale ) {
              sch = o.schema;
              tab = o.table;
              col = o.column;
              MAPNIK_LOG_DEBUG(pgraster)
                << "pgraster_datasource: using overview "
                << o.schema << "." << o.table << "." << o.column
                << " with scale=" << o.scale
                << " for min out scale=" << scale;
              break;
            } else {
              MAPNIK_LOG_DEBUG(pgraster)
                << "pgraster_datasource: overview "
                << o.schema << "." << o.table << "." << o.column
                << " with scale=" << o.scale
                << " not good for min out scale " << scale;
            }
          }
          table_with_bbox = table_; // possibly a subquery
          boost::algorithm::replace_all(table_with_bbox,
              mapnik::sql_utils::unquote_double(raster_table_), tab);
          boost::algorithm::replace_all(table_with_bbox,
              mapnik::sql_utils::unquote_double(schema_), sch);
          boost::algorithm::replace_all(table_with_bbox,
              mapnik::sql_utils::unquote_double(geometryColumn_), col);
          table_with_bbox = populate_tokens(table_with_bbox,
              scale_denom, box, px_gw, px_gh);
        } else {
          table_with_bbox = populate_tokens(table_, scale_denom, box, px_gw, px_gh);
        }

        std::ostringstream s;

        s << "SELECT ST_AsBinary(";

        if (band_) s << "ST_Band(";

        if (prescale_rasters_) s << "ST_Resize(";

        if (clip_rasters_) s << "ST_Clip(";

        s << "\"" << col << "\"";

        if (clip_rasters_) {
          s << ", ST_Expand(" << sql_bbox(box)
            << ", greatest(abs(ST_ScaleX(\""
            << col << "\")), abs(ST_ScaleY(\""
            << col << "\")))))";
        }

        if (prescale_rasters_) {
          const double scale = std::min(px_gw, px_gh);
          s << ", least(abs(ST_ScaleX(\"" << col
            << "\"))::float8/" << scale
            << ", 1.0), least(abs(ST_ScaleY(\"" << col
            << "\"))::float8/" << scale << ", 1.0))";
          // TODO: if band_ is given, we'll interpret as indexed so
          //       the rescaling must NOT ruin it (use algorithm mode!)
        }

        if (band_) s << ", " << band_ << ")";

        s << ") AS geom";

        mapnik::context_ptr ctx = std::make_shared<mapnik::context_type>();
        std::set<std::string> const& props = q.property_names();
        std::set<std::string>::const_iterator pos = props.begin();
        std::set<std::string>::const_iterator end = props.end();

        if (! key_field_.empty())
        {
            mapnik::sql_utils::quote_attr(s, key_field_);
            ctx->push(key_field_);

            for (; pos != end; ++pos)
            {
                if (*pos != key_field_)
                {
                    mapnik::sql_utils::quote_attr(s, *pos);
                    ctx->push(*pos);
                }
            }
        }
        else
        {
            for (; pos != end; ++pos)
            {
                mapnik::sql_utils::quote_attr(s, *pos);
                ctx->push(*pos);
            }
        }

        s << " FROM " << table_with_bbox;

        if (row_limit_ > 0)
        {
            s << " LIMIT " << row_limit_;
        }

        MAPNIK_LOG_DEBUG(pgraster) << "pgraster_datasource: "
          "features query: " << s.str();

        std::shared_ptr<IResultSet> rs = get_resultset(conn, s.str(), pool, proc_ctx);
        return std::make_shared<pgraster_featureset>(rs, ctx,
                  desc_.get_encoding(), !key_field_.empty(),
                  band_ ? 1 : 0 // whatever band number is given we'd have
                                // extracted with ST_Band above so it becomes
                                // band number 1
               );

    }

    return featureset_ptr();
}


featureset_ptr pgraster_datasource::features_at_point(coord2d const& pt, double tol) const
{
#ifdef MAPNIK_STATS
    mapnik::progress_timer __stats__(std::clog, "pgraster_datasource::features_at_point");
#endif
    CnxPool_ptr pool = ConnectionManager::instance().getPool(creator_.id());
    if (pool)
    {
        shared_ptr<Connection> conn = pool->borrowObject();
        if (!conn) return featureset_ptr();

        if (conn->isOK())
        {
            if (geometryColumn_.empty())
            {
                std::ostringstream s_error;
                s_error << "PostGIS: geometry name lookup failed for table '";

                if (! schema_.empty())
                {
                    s_error << schema_ << ".";
                }
                s_error << raster_table_
                        << "'. Please manually provide the 'geometry_field' parameter or add an entry "
                        << "in the geometry_columns for '";

                if (! schema_.empty())
                {
                    s_error << schema_ << ".";
                }
                s_error << raster_table_ << "'.";

                throw mapnik::datasource_exception(s_error.str());
            }

            std::ostringstream s;
            s << "SELECT ST_AsBinary(\"" << geometryColumn_ << "\") AS geom";

            mapnik::context_ptr ctx = std::make_shared<mapnik::context_type>();
            std::vector<attribute_descriptor>::const_iterator itr = desc_.get_descriptors().begin();
            std::vector<attribute_descriptor>::const_iterator end = desc_.get_descriptors().end();

            if (! key_field_.empty())
            {
                mapnik::sql_utils::quote_attr(s, key_field_);
                ctx->push(key_field_);
                for (; itr != end; ++itr)
                {
                    if (itr->get_name() != key_field_)
                    {
                        mapnik::sql_utils::quote_attr(s, itr->get_name());
                        ctx->push(itr->get_name());
                    }
                }
            }
            else
            {
                for (; itr != end; ++itr)
                {
                    mapnik::sql_utils::quote_attr(s, itr->get_name());
                    ctx->push(itr->get_name());
                }
            }

            box2d<double> box(pt.x - tol, pt.y - tol, pt.x + tol, pt.y + tol);
            std::string table_with_bbox = populate_tokens(table_, FMAX, box, 0, 0);

            s << " FROM " << table_with_bbox;

            if (row_limit_ > 0)
            {
                s << " LIMIT " << row_limit_;
            }

            std::shared_ptr<IResultSet> rs = get_resultset(conn, s.str(), pool);
            return std::make_shared<pgraster_featureset>(rs, ctx, desc_.get_encoding(), !key_field_.empty());
        }
    }

    return featureset_ptr();
}

box2d<double> pgraster_datasource::envelope() const
{
    if (extent_initialized_)
    {
        return extent_;
    }

    CnxPool_ptr pool = ConnectionManager::instance().getPool(creator_.id());
    if (pool)
    {
        shared_ptr<Connection> conn = pool->borrowObject();
        if (!conn) return extent_;
        if (conn->isOK())
        {
            std::ostringstream s;

            std::string col = mapnik::sql_utils::unquote_double(geometryColumn_);
            std::string sch = mapnik::sql_utils::unquote_double(schema_);
            std::string tab = mapnik::sql_utils::unquote_double(raster_table_);

            if ( ! overviews_.empty() )
            {
              // query from highest-factor overview instead
              const pgraster_overview& o = overviews_.back();
              sch = o.schema;
              tab = o.table;
              col = o.column;
            }

            if (col.empty())
            {
                std::ostringstream s_error;
                s_error << "PostGIS: unable to query the layer extent of table '";

                if (! sch.empty())
                {
                    s_error << sch << ".";
                }
                s_error << raster_table_ << "' because we cannot determine the raster field name."
                        << "\nPlease provide either an 'extent' parameter to skip this query, "
                        << "a 'raster_field' and/or 'raster_table' parameter, or add "
                        << "standard constraints to your raster table.";

                throw mapnik::datasource_exception("Pgraster Plugin: " + s_error.str());
            }

            if (estimate_extent_)
            {
                if (tab.empty())
                {
                  std::ostringstream s_error;
                  s_error << "PostGIS: unable to query the layer extent as "
                          << "we couldn't determine the raster table name.\n"
                          << "Please provide either an 'extent' parameter to skip this query, "
                          << "a 'raster_table' parameter, or do not set 'estimate_extent'";
                  throw mapnik::datasource_exception("Pgraster Plugin: " + s_error.str());
                }
                s << "SELECT ST_XMin(ext),ST_YMin(ext),ST_XMax(ext),ST_YMax(ext)"
                  << " FROM (SELECT ST_Estimated_Extent('";

                if (! sch.empty())
                {
                    s << mapnik::sql_utils::unquote_double(sch) << "','";
                }

                s << mapnik::sql_utils::unquote_double(tab) << "','"
                  << mapnik::sql_utils::unquote_double(col) << "') as ext) as tmp";
            }
            else
            {
                s << "SELECT ST_XMin(ext),ST_YMin(ext),ST_XMax(ext),ST_YMax(ext)"
                  << " FROM (SELECT ST_Extent(" << quote_ident(col) << "::geometry) as ext from ";

                if (extent_from_subquery_)
                {
                    // if a subselect limits records then calculating the extent upon the
                    // subquery will be faster and the bounds will be more accurate
                    s << populate_tokens(table_) << ") as tmpx";
                }
                else
                {
                    if (! sch.empty())
                    {
                        s << quote_ident(sch) << ".";
                    }

                    // but if the subquery does not limit records then querying the
                    // actual table will be faster as indexes can be used
                    s << quote_ident(tab) << ") as tmp";
                }
            }

            shared_ptr<ResultSet> rs = conn->executeQuery(s.str());
            if (rs->next() && ! rs->isNull(0))
            {
                double lox, loy, hix, hiy;
                if (mapnik::util::string2double(rs->getValue(0), lox) &&
                    mapnik::util::string2double(rs->getValue(1), loy) &&
                    mapnik::util::string2double(rs->getValue(2), hix) &&
                    mapnik::util::string2double(rs->getValue(3), hiy))
                {
                    extent_.init(lox, loy, hix, hiy);
                    extent_initialized_ = true;
                }
                else
                {
                    MAPNIK_LOG_DEBUG(pgraster) << "pgraster_datasource: Could not determine extent from query: " << s.str();
                }
            }
            rs->close();
        }
    }

    return extent_;
}

boost::optional<mapnik::datasource_geometry_t> pgraster_datasource::get_geometry_type() const
{
    return boost::optional<mapnik::datasource_geometry_t>();
}